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PYMEH HBAHOB TEOPm ATAHACOB nETH flOHEBCKH

MCTOPMfl HA CMAMCTPA
HISTORY OF SILISTRA

TOM

THE ANCIENT

DUROSTORUM

RUMEN IVANOV GEORGI ATANASOV PETI DONEVSKI

PYMEH TEOPrM nETO

P1BAHOB ATAHACOB flOHEBCKM

RUMEN GEORGI PETI

IVANOV ATANASOV DONEVSKI

I4CTOPMM HA CMAMCTPA

moM I

AHTWlHMaT JjyPOCTOPYM

HISTORY OF SILISTRA

volume I

THE ANCIENT DUROSTORUM

CuAuempa - Cck}>uh - 2006

To3u moM ce U3ga6a om OSmuHa CuAuempa

no peuieHue Ha 06uj,uHcku cbBem CuAuempa

B necm Ha 1900 aoguuimiHama Ha

AypocTOpyM - flP^CTbP - cmamctpa

This volume is published by the Municipality of
Silistra on the occasion of the
1900th anniversary of
DUROSTORUM - DRASTAR - SILISTRA

CONTENTS

Introduction

Rumen Ivanov. GEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND
CHRONOLOGY OF THE STUDIES 15

Chapter one

Rumen Ivanov. WRITTEN SOURCES, NAME, HISTORICAL-
GEOGRAPHICAL MAPS AND ROADS 32

Chapter two

Rumen Ivanov. DUROSTORUM IN THE STRUCTURE OF THE

PROVINCES OF MOESIA AND MOESIA INFERIOR 59

Chapter three

Rumen Ivanov. LEGIO XI CLAUDIA 77

Chapter four

Rumen Ivanov. DUROSTORUM IN THE STRUCTURE OF THE
PROVINCE OF MOESIA SECUNDA 96

Chapter five

Rumen Ivanov. DAILY LIFE 113

Chapter six

Rumen Ivanov. ETHNIC COMPOSITION, ROMANIZATTON,
RELIGION AND FEASTS 153

Chapter seven

Peti Donevski. DUROSTORUM - THE CASTRA AND THE FOR-
TIFICATIONS ON THE BANKS OF THE DANUBE 166

Chapter eight

Peti Donevski. CANABAE LEGIONIS XI CLAUDIAE 186

Chapter nine

Peti Donevski. VICUS - MUNICIPIUM AURELIUM DUROS-
TORUM 228

Chapter ten

Peti Donevski. NECROPOLISES OF DUROSTORUM 243

Chapter eleven

Georgi Atanasov. EARLY-CHRISTIAN MARTYRS FROM THE
4 th CENTURY IN DUROSTORUM 263

Chapter twelve

Georgi Atanasov. EARLY - CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS LINKED
WITH THE MARTYRS OF DUROSTORUM 4 ,H -5 TH CENTURIES
298

Chapter thirteen

Georgi Atanasov. DOROSTORUM AND THE DOROSTORUM
BISHOPRIC THROUGHOUT THE EARLY BYZANTINE PERIOD
(END OF THE 4 TH -7 TH CENTURY) 317

Chapter fourteen

Georgi Atanasov. EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS FROM
DUROSTORUM AND THE DUROSTORUM BISHOPRIC (END OF

THE 4™ - 7 th CENTURY) 335

Appendix

Peti Donevski. Rumen Ivanov. CONSTRUCTION CERAMICS
WITH SEALS FROM DUROSTORUM 359

Georgi Atanasov. THE TOMB AT DUROSTORUM- SILISTRA
AND ITS OWNER 380

Georgi Atanasov, Rumen Ivanov. FLAVIUS AETIUS 399

morza Czarnego. Warszawa 1988 (= Novaensia 3).

Severeanu 1937: G. Severeanu. A Mycenian Gold Object found in Dobrogea.
Bucuresti 1937.

Suceveanu, Barnea 1991: A. Suceveanu, A. Barnea. La Dobroudja romaine.
Bucarest 1991.

Torbatov 2000 a: S. Torbatov. The Roman Road Durostorum - Marcianopolis. -
Archaeologia Bulgarica 2000, Xs 1, 59 - 72.

Torbatov 2000 b: S. Torbatov. Procop. De aedif. IV, 7, 12 - 14 and the Historical
Geography of Moesia Secunda. - Archaeologia Bulgarica 2000, N° 3, 58 - 77.

Velkov 1960: V. Velkov. Durostorum - Drastar - Silistra. - In: Antike und Mit-
telalter in Bulgarien. Berlin 1960, 214 - 217.

Velkov 1970: V. Velkov. Der Kult der Diana Plestrensis in Moesia Inferior. - In:
(D. M. Pippidi, ed.) Actes du IX e Congres international d'etudes sur les frontieres
romaines (Mamaia, 6 - 13 septembre 1972) Bucuresti - K61n - Bonn 1974, 151 - 153.

Velkov 1980: V. Velkov. Roman Cities in Bulgaria. Collected Studies. Amsterdam
1980.

Vittinghoff 1968: F. Vittinghoff. Die Bedeutung der Legionslager fur die Entste-
hung der romischen Stadte an der Donau und Dakien. - In: Studien zur europaischen
Vor-und Fruhgeschichte. Neumiinster 1968.

Vulpe 1953: R. Vulpe. Canabensis si Troesmensis. Doua inscriptii din Troesmis.
- SCIV 4, 1953, 571 - 574.

Vulpe, Barnea 1968: R. Vulpe, A. Barnea. Din istoria Dobrogei, Vol. II: Romanii
la Dunarea de Jos. Bucuresti 1968.

Zahariade 1988: M. Zahariade. Moesia Secunda, Scythia §i Notitia Dignitatum.
Bucuresti 1988.

Zahariade 1999: M. Zahariade. How and when the legion of XI Claudia arrived
in Lower Moesia. - In: Roman Frontier Studies, XVII, 1997. Zalau 1999, 599 - 607.

GEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS
AND CHRONOLOGY OF THE STUDIES

Dobruja is the most northeastern part of the Balkans and represents a peninsula.
The Danube runs from the west, north and northeast to the east. The coast is washed by
the Black Sea. After the Berlin Treaty of 1878 Dobruja was divided into Northern and
Southern Dobruja, The northern part with an area of 15,536 sq. km. is in Romania and
the Southern part is in Bulgaria - 7 696 sq. km. The land border between the two parts
is in fact the state boundary between Bulgaria and Romania and begins from the eastern
outskirts of Silistra, finishing at the Black Sea at the village of Zmeevo, Dobrich region. At
present Bulgarian Dobruja consists of two districts - Silistra District and Dobrich District.
The southern border of the region is frequently subject to discussion. Most geographers,
historians and local historians accept the decisions of the Bucharest peace (1913), when the
southwestern and southern border of Dobruja began immediately to the west of the town
of Toutrakan, Silistra District, ran along Dulovo, Karapelit, the upper reaches of Suha river,
and the Frangia lake, ending at the village of Kranevo, Varna region - a total of 23 232 sq.
km (EH4eB 2004, p. 66). The southern land border passed over into the hilly Ludogorije
region. The territory of the Late Roman province of Scythia does not completely overlap

with Dobruja. Thus for example the town of Silistra and the lands to the west-southwest
from it do not fall in the territory of this province. Durostorum and its immediate vicinity
were inhabited by the Getai. According to many contemporary scholars the name stands
for the collective name of the northern Thracian community in the north-eastern part of
the Balkans, Other scholars mention these tribes as Daco-Gaetae tribes. In his campaign
of 28 B. C. M. Licinius Crassus took the side of the Odryssae against the Bessi. Later,
in 11 B. C. L. Calpurnius Piso final conquered the Bessi, who inhabited the lands along
the upper stretches of the Hebros river (Maritsa) in present day Bulgaria. Part of the tribe
crossed the Balkan Range and settled in the lands in Dobruja, including those in the region
of present day Silistra and the immediate vicinity. However so far remains from Getae
settlements prior to Roman Durostorum have not been found. Chance finds from the pre-
Roman period have been found and are kept in the Historical Museum at Silistra, as well
as in other museums and private collections in Bulgaria and Romania. These are a bronze
fibula from the 9 m century B. C. from the Early Halstadt; along the fortress wall next to
the Danube banks a grey-black Thracian cup with a handle going up was found, which is a
familiar type of Thracian pottery (6 m century B. C). At the excavations on the same spot
a clay candlestick was also found, attributed to the Hellenistic period; amphorae from the
first half of the 4 tfl century B. C. imported from the Black Sea center Heraclea Pontica
(4 m c. B. C), together with gold earrings and a pin, decorated with small pearls, placed
in gold sockets. They are attributed, according to the latest studies not to the Mycenean
period, but the Hellenistic age (3 rt * century B. C). The collections of the Silistra Historical
Museum possess silver coins of Philip II of Macedon and tetradrachmae of Alexander the
Great. In 1975 seventeen drachmae of the Alexander the Great type were acquired, but the
exact location is not known - it varies from Silistra or the vicinity in Northeast Bulgaria.
The hoard was buried somewhere between 285 - 280 B. C.

The fortification of Durostorum and Drustar are connected with the studies of Stefka
Angelova on the very banks of the Danube. Part of the unearthed walls were used inten-
sively during the Roman period, Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Several construc-
tion periods and repairs on it have been unearthed. In this area she also excavated
the ruins of an early Christian church. The emergency excavation, carried out by Peti
Donevski in the 70s and the early 80s of the last century provided the final answer to the
academic dispute. The outlines of the castra (the camp of the legion) were situated some
800 - 900 m south of the banks of the great river in the central part of the present day
city. P. Donevski revealed part of the fortress walls, together with dwellings, connected
with daily military life of legionnaires and their commanders (centurions). My colleague
Donevski has also studied large areas of canabae in the vicinity, to the north, northeast,
northwest and west. Studied were large private buildings and several small and larger
baths. My colleague Ivan Bachvarov has also partially studied a balneum and finally
established the camp of the legion. A vicus (village) was situated four kilometers east
of the camp, which now is in the lands of the village of Ostrov. Here the excavations
were done by Romanian archeologists (recently by P. Damian, A. Baltac, Ch. Stirbulescu,
V. Apostol, D. Vleja, E. Dumitrascu, G. Balan, D. Elefterescu). Georgi Atanasov has
studied the problems of the penetration of Christianity and its consolidation (the study
of two early Christian basilicas on bulv. Macedonia, opposite the building of the Police).
Part of his views have been included in the volumes on the history of Silistra. Karel
Skorpil and capt. Michail Vankov have written on Roman roads in the region of Duros-
torum at the end of the 19th and 20 m century. Their information is very valuable because
at the time these roads were comparatively well preserved, so today we have an idea of
these communications. Mentioned here is the important trans-Danubian road along the

right banks of the major European river. Recently Sergei Torbatov also published valu-
able results on the Marcianopolis (Devnia) - Durostorum road, as well as the localiza-
tion of fortresses in regions in his commentary on chapter Four of Procipius' work De
Edificiis and has corrected some inaccuracies of the Byzantine chronicler. S. Torbatov
also further clarified the border between the two provinces of Moesia Secunda and
Scythia. A considerable quantity of construction ceramics (bricks, tiles, pipes etc.) made
both in the figilinae and in private workshops came from the castra, canabae, vici as
well as from the necropolises and the adjacent area. Much of this production has seals
on the finished products. Karel Skorpil mentions them, together with a description of
the fortresses along the Danubian road. A relatively precise typology has been drawn
up based on a historical, epigraphical and archeological analysis. Here we should note
the names of Romanian archeologists Krisan Muse^ianu, Mihail Zahariade and Dan
Elefterescu, who created an important structural table of these seals. P. Donevski and
Klaus Wachtel (PIR-Berlin) have also worked on these seals and their framework. We
cannot fail to mention intensive work on the question by V. Culica (1970 - 1978) (pottery
from the village of Ostrov), as well as separate works on the legion from Durostorum,
the adjacent area, Moesia Inferior and Moesia Secunda by T. Sarnowski (1985; 1980
( Warzawa), Rumen Ivanov (2002) (AIM-Sofia) etc. A considerable number of sculptures
also come from here. They have been published by Petko Georgiev, Vanya Popova-
Moroz, Ivan Bachvarov, and jewelry (largely from the necropolises of Durostorum) have
been published by I. Popovic (Belgrade) and P. Donevski. The epigraphical material has
been published by K. and M. Banev, Two authors - (Y. Todorov, 1928, his work on
paganism in Moesia Inferior during the Principate) and M. Tacheva (Tacheva-Hitova
1982) (a book on eastern cults in Moesia and Thrace) have dealt with religious life in
this region around the Danube. Epigraphic material also raises the debate which settle-
ment (canabae or vicus) later grew into a city center (municipium) and under the reign
of which emperor they were raised to the status of municipium. In the debate on castra-
canabae-vicus-municipium we should mention the names of V. Parvan (1924), K. Patsch
(1905), R. Vulpe (1953), V. Velkov (B. BeAkoB) (19070, 1980), V. Culica (19700, B.
Gerov (1977), B. TepoB (1952); F. Vittinghoff (1968), E. Dorutiu-Boila (1978, 1980), L
Piso (1991), n. AoHeBcku (1990), P. Donevski (1990), R. Ivanov (1997), M. Zahariade
(1999), R. Ivanov (P. MBaHoB, 1999; 2002). The famous Sihstra tomb, discussed by many
a Bulgarian and foreign specialist originates from this area. We should also mention
the publications of D. P. Dimitrov, M. Cicikova (J\. IT. ,H,UMumpoB, M. MunukoBa,
1968) as well as the reviews on this book. Another burial site, was published recently
by P. Donevski and G. Milosevic (1999) (Belgrade). S. Conrad (2004) (Leipzig) wrote a
doctorial thesis on burial inscriptions from Moesia Inferior, also including monuments in
Silistra. Lastly we should finish with some general works related to ancient Durostorum.
The first general study is that of V. Parvan, which came out in Italian in Torino. Some
time later the eminent Bulgarian linguist and historian Yanko Todorov published the first
Bulgaria study of Durostorum in 1927. Monographs on military matters along the lower
Danube, including the role of the legio XI Claudia in this region of the province appear
in E. Ritterling (1925), T. Sarnowski (1988), A. Aricescu (1980), R. Ivanov (P. MBaHoB,
1999; 2002), while books on provinces and dioceses from Late Antiquity in general and
in particular on Durostorum V. Velkov (B. BeAkoB) (1958, 1984), M. Zahariade (1988).
This is also the place to mention R. Vulpe's contributions, I. Barnea's (1968) contribution
as well as those of A. Suceveanu, A. Barnea etc.

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(2. flypocmopyM). - In: CSopHuk 6 necm Ha npocj>ecop A. MuAemiiH 3a
cegeMgecemaogutuHUHama My. Co^uh 1933, 657 - 658.

TogopoB 1927: H. TogopoB. Durostorum. FIpUHoc kw aHmuHHama ucmopiw Ha
CuAucmpa. Co(|>ufl 1927.

TopoamoB 2002: ykpenuraeAHama cucmeMa Ha npoBuHuua Ckumun (kpaa na III
- VII B.) The Defence System of the Late Roman Province of Scythia (the end of the
3 rd - the 7 th Century A. D.) BeAuko TbpHoBo 2002.

Besevliev 1970: V(eselin) Besevliev. Zur Deutung der Kastellnamen in Prokops
Werk "De aedificiis". Amsterdam 1970.

Besevliev 1978: B(oyan) Besevliev. Die Darstellung Thrakiens auf alten historishen
Landkarten aus dem 15. Bis 19. Jh. - Linguistique balkanique 21, Sofia 1978, Xe 2, 11 - 28.

Bonacker 1986: W. Bonacker. Kartmacher aller Lander und Zeiten. Stuttgart 1986.

Dauzat 1957: A. Dauzat. Les Noms de Lieux. Paris 1957.

Detschew 1957: D. Detschew. Die thrakischen Sprachreste. Wien 1957 (2. Auflage
mit Bibliographie 1955 - 1974 von Zivka Velkova).

Dottin 1915: G. Dottin. Manuel pour servir a l'etude de l'Antiquite Celtique (2
dd.) Paris 1915.

Dottin 1920: G. Dottin. La langue gautoise. Paris 1920.

Holder 1963: A. Holder. Alt-Celtischer Sprachschatz, I - III. Graz 1961 - 1963.

Hollenstein 1975: L. Hollenstein. Zu den Meilensteinen der romischen Provinzen
Thracia und Moesia Inferior. - Studia Balcanica 10, Sofia, 1975, 23 - 44.

Ivanov 1994: R. Ivanov. Zwei Inschriften der beneficiarii consularis aus dem Kas-
tell Abritus (Moesia Inferior), - ZPE 100, 1994, 484 - 488.

Jokl 1929: N. Jokl. Thraker. Sprache. - In: (M.Ebert, Hrsg.) Reallexikon der
Vorgeschichte. Berlin-Leipzig 13, 1929, 278 - 298.

Mateescu 1923: G. Mateescu. Granita de apus a Tracilor. - AIIN, 1923 - 1924,
377 - 492.

Mirkovic 1996: M. Mirkovic. The Iron Gates (Djerdap) and the Roman Policy
on the Moesian Limes A. D. 33 - 117. - In: Roman Limes on the Middle and Lower
Danube. Cahiers des Portes de Fer (Monigraphies 2). Belgrade 1996, 27 - 40.

Parvan 1924: V. Parvan. Municipium Aurelium Durostorum. - Rivista di filologia
e d'istruzione classica (N.S.). Torino 1924, 307 - 340.

Perrin-Henry 1981: M. Perrin-Henry. La place des listes toponymiques dans
l'organisation du livre IV "De edifices" de Procope. - Geographica Byzantina 2, Paris
1981, 93 - 106.

Philipon 1925: E. Philipon. Les peuples primitifs de 1'Europe Meridionale. Paris 1925.

Phlippide 1925: A. Philippide. Originea rominilor, I. lasi 1925.

Tooley 1979: R. Tooley. Tooley's Dictionary of Mapmakers. Tring, Hertfordshire 1979.

Tomaschek 1980: W. Tomaschek. Die alten Thraker.Eine ethnologische Untersu-
chung. Wien 1980 (= W. Tomaschek 1893 - 1894: Sitzungsberichte der philosophisch-
historischen Klasse der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 128, Band, IV
Abhandlung; 130. Band, II Abhandlung (1893); 131. Band, I. Abhandlung (1894).

Torbatov 2000 a: S. Torbatov. The Roman Road Durostorum - Marcianopolis. -
Archaeologia Bulgarica 2000, JSs 1, 59 - 72.

Torbatov 2000 b: S. Torbatov. Procop. De aedif. IV, 7,12=14 and the Historical
Geography of Moesia Secunda. - Archaeologia Bulgarica 2000, N° 1, 58 - 77.

WRITTEN SOURCES, NAME,
HISTORICAL-GEOGRAPHICAL MAPS AND ROADS

Claudius Ptolemaeus (Geographia, III, 10, 5); Tabular Peutingeriana - Duros-
tero (Tegulicio XI - Durostero - XVIII Sagadava - Sucidava XVI; (Itenerarium
Antonini, Augusti 223, 4 - Dorostoro, leg. XI CI.; (Notitia Dignitatum, Orientis
XL, 26, 33 (a document compiled for the region of the lower Danube in 393 -
394, reflecting the military contingent here during the 4 m century. Milites quarti
Constantini, Durostoro, as well as a Praefectus legionis undecimae Claudiae,
Durostoro; in: Codex Theodosianus X, 1, 11, anno 337 the names appear as
Dorostori, and in Hieronym. Chr. ab Abr, 2379 = anno 363 we read Dorosthori
(a document, which represents a Code of laws amended between 312 - 337);
Ammianus Marcellinus XXVII, 12 notes Dorostorus; In Codex Iustinianus, VIII,
41, 6 anno 294 a mention of a edict on debts and their payments, published
by Diocletian and Maximian in Dorostolo; Eusebius Hieronimus, XXXVIII, II)
reports that in the reign of Emperor Julian (361 - 363), Capitolinus, who was
in charge of the Diocese, gave orders to burn the Christian Aemilianus, a citi-
zen of Dorostori; Bishop Ambrosius from Trier (c. 340), an opponent of the
Arians, in one of his letters speaks of Auxentius, bishop of Scythia. In 380 -
381 he was bishop of Durostorum; In Chron. Pasch., I, 549, No 17/B we read
£v Aopoat6A&>; Hieroclis Synecdemos (527 - 528) - Aopoaxokx;; Procopius.
De aedificiis., IV, 7 notes that the Emperor Justinian repaired the walls of the
fortress of AopoaioAxx;; (Teophilactus Simocatta) worked during the reign of
Heraclius (610 - 640), but describes events under Mauricius (582 - 602) in 8 parts.
In his Historiae I, 8, 10, VI, 6, 5. refers to Durostorum in connection with the
campaign of Priskos against the Slavs beyond the Lower Danube at the end of
the Emperor Mauricius (xr[v A6po6oroA,ov).

Elsewhere there is a citation that the Khan of the Avars constantly posed a
threat the inhabitants of Scythia and Moesia with his raids. He even overran
several large towns, among them the town we are dealing with; In Propyl. Ad
Acta SS. Nov. 827, 3 Juli No 1 it is noted 8K AcDpooToT-ou; Ravenas Anonymus
in his work Cosmographia, IV, 7, in 5 volumes at the end of the 7 m century cite
Durostolun as an important town in Moesia, quoting an older author - Livanius;
The Gothic historian Iordanes. Getica, 176 (6 m century) especially reports the
commander Fl. Aetius, born at Dorostorena had defeated Atilla at the Catalau-
nian fields together with the courageous Moesians,; In a Latin and Greek inscrip-
tion from Histria the form Durosterum occurs - d(ecurio) m(unicipi) Durosteri.

The name Durostorum increasingly has been provoking polemics between
linguists and historians. It comes from Indo-european origins, however the differ-
ences between scholars are whether it is comes from Thracian, Celtic or Latin-
Celtic origins. (Parvan 1924, 307 - 309; TogopoB 1927, 8 - 11; PhiUppide 1925;
Jokl 1929, 278 - 298; fleneB 192 2 154 - 159, 1952, 2, 18, 32, 40; Mateescu, 460;
Dottin 1915; PoMaHcku 1933, 657 - 658; Holder 1963; Besevliev 1970, S. 125;
Detschew 1976, S. 149). In latin the verb duro means "to harden, to strengthen,

to make solid", and the noun durus is translated as "strong, hard". In Gaelic
(Celtic) duro has the same meaning. For instance a town in Gaul bears the name
Durocortorum; another settlement bears the name Durobrivae. The second part
of the name - orupov, - oroupa - oropoc,, according to some in Thracian stands
for "strong, healthy, large". According still to third scholars the origins are Latin-
Celtic and mean "to fold out, to open out". An opinion has been voiced that the
word Durostorum consists of two halves, the second storon being familiar in Old
Celtic. However the first word (duro, durum) occurs in Thracian and probably
means "a town on a hill top, a fortified town". In general the translation is a
"strong fortress". Nevertheless it should be noted that along the lower reaches of
the Danube, not far from Durostorum, there are settlements with Celtic names
- Arrubium (Macin), Noviodunum (Isaccea), Aliobrix, as well as information on
the settlement of the Celtic tribe of Bptiodyai in Bessarabia.

In the great number of historical and geographical maps examined here
Durostorum - Dristra - Silistria (Silistria) is the most frequently noted fortifica-
tion along the lower Danube. Probably this is not by chance. After the early
second century the site of the castra of the legion was the main fulcrum in the
defensive system of this region. This was also the case throughout the Early
Byzantine period. Durostorum is mentioned by numerous chroniclers on a vari-
ety of occasions. During the times of Turkish bondage the fortress was one
of the most important along the large border river of the Empire. Three main
military points are given in maps: Vidin (Viddin, Widdin), Nigeboli (occasion-
ally Nicopolis) and as Silistria (sometimes Durostorum). In many later histori-
cal maps the region is given as Silistre, Silistria (not very precise, as in Jacopo
Gastaldi's work). Other maps give the Ottoman administrative division, where
the sanjak of Silistra takes up a principle place. It natural for cartographers
to borrow in their work from the copies of the work and maps of Claudius
Ptolemaeus (IX European map), as well as exerting influence on one another.
Abraham Ortelius was used later by Petrus K(a)erius and by John Speed. Nico-
las Sanson, the founder of French "modern cartography" was familiar with the
work of Ptolemy, Ortelius and Kerius. Between Frederik de Vit and Giacomo
Cantelli da Vignola, who worked some time after him there are considerable
similarities. Of course some of the inaccuracies could be explained by the fact
that these authors had never visited the then Ottoman lands. Nevertheless they
had marked the territories north of the Balkan range as Bulgaria or Regnum
Bulgariae, while those to the south as Romania, i. e. Rumelia. The aim of
some historical maps is to indicate these locations, alongside with ancient ones,
where the Christian west waged wars with the new heathen invaders. Homann's
school has produced many maps and atlases, which are extremely valuable
for the European cultural heritage. With time cartography showed its natural
advancement, like all sciences. Maps became more precise (for example those
of Johan(n) Mathias Haas).

The second stretch up to the Danube Delta was completed during the Fla-
vian dynasty (69 - 96). It is best described by K. Skorpil and in particular by capt.

M. Vankov of the Border Guards, who was responsible for the Guard stations
at Svishtov and Silistra early at the turn of the century. We shall begin from the
Nigrinianis-Candidiana stretch, in the Silistra region, which ran along the slope
itself. The remains of the road were only preserved on the surface. It was about
5 m wide, and the road rose by 0,50 m above the surrounding ground (BaHkoB
1906, 462 seq.) At the last settlement there were remains of some old bridge,
probably from the Roman period. In the section at Tegulicium (the village of
Vetren, Silistra region) the road went in by half a kilometer. One kilometer to
the west of the village of Popina, in the last decades of the 19 m c. 80 m of a
section of the ancient road, which rose by about 0,30 - 0,40 m above the ground,
were still visible. From Tegulicium to Durostorum the road climbed up the hill
of the present day village of Vetren and then went down the even Danubian
bank. (Skorpil 1905, 445; BaHkoB 1906, 465 et seq.) From Silistra the Danubian
road went down in a northeast direction in present day Romanian Dobruja. The
first-class artery was above all a military road, both during the Principate and
the Dominate. Another important provincial road which led to Marcianopolis
(Devnya) began from Durostorum. Probably its beginning was linked as far
back as the reign of Trojan (98 - 1 17), when the legion arrived here and the loca-
tion acquired strategical importance for the Roman defensive system. (Torbatov
2000, 59 - 72). With the establishment of the new province of Moesia Secunda,
when Marcianopolis became its main seat, no doubt its importance increased.
Positively it existed to the end of the 6 tn century. The Durostorum-Marcianopolis
road had a section to the northeast towards the nearby urban center of Tropaeum
Traiani at the village of Adamklisi, Constanta region in Northern Dobruja.
Recently the hypothesis has been put forth, that Durostorum could be connected
with Nicopolis ad Istrum (the village of Nikjup, Veliko Tarnovo region) via Abri-
tus (IlempoB 2002, 315 - 316). From the road on the right bank of the Danube
it went back to the west towards Tegulicium and Nigrinianis-Candidiana (Malak
Preslavets, Silistra region). After that it went to the south towards the northern
routes on the Ludogorije plateau and Krapinets and Sveshtari (in the vicinity of
the town of Isperih), via the village of Voden and the Beli Lorn valley. Further
on through Voden and the Beli Lorn valley towards Abritus. Further on the road
passed by the ancient Pimasa at the village of Blagoevo and the Cherni Lorn
valley towards the fortification at the present day Kovachevo kale (to the west of
the town of Popovo). Further on it runs towards the valley of the Yantra river
towards Trajan's Nicopolis ad Istrum.

M6anoB 1983 a: P. MBaHoB. Buciuu HUHoBe u ueHmypuoHu B puMckama Boucka
Ha TopHa u floAHa Mu3UH (gH. CeBepHa B^Aaapiw) npe3 I - III Bek. - BMC6 1983,
Ms 2, 153 - 169.

MBatioB 1983 6: P. MBanoB. Principales B puMckama Boucka na TopHa u ,H,oAHa
Mu3iia (B gH. CeBepHa E'bAaapiw) npe3 FIpuHuunama. - ApxeoAoauH 1983, JSs 1-2,
50 - 62.

MBaiioB 1984: P. MBaHoB. Principales B kaHueAapuume u m,a6o8eme Ha TopHa
u JJoAHa Mu3uh (B gH. CeBepHa B^Aaapufl) npe3 Llpumiunama. - ApxeoAoaiw 1984,
JSfe 2 - 3, 45 - 69.

MBaHoB 1999: P. MBaHoB. JJoAHogyHaBckama om6paHumeAHa cucmeMa Meikgy
AopmukyM u JJypocmopyM om ABaycm go ^uokAenuaH. Co<J>mi 1999.

TaneBa 1987: M. TaneBa. Mcmopua Ha G^Azapckume 3eviu 6 gpeBHoemma. Hacm
II. Co<i>ua 1987.

TypoBcku, OuAuneHko 1996: E. TypoBckuu, A. OuAuneHko. HoBoe Hagapo6Hue
puMckoao coAgama c HekponoAH XepcoHeca TaBpuneckoao. - ApxeoAoaia 1996, JNs 2,
140 - 143.

CoAOMOHuk 1983: 3. M. CoAOMOHuk. AamuHckue Hagnucu XepcoHeca
TaBpuneckoao. MockBa 1983.

Alfoldy, Halfmann 1973: G. Alfoldy, H. Halfmann. M. Cornelius Nigrinus Curia-
tius Maternus, General Domitians und Rivale Trajans. - Chiron 3, 1973, 331 - 373.

Benes 1970: J. Benes. Die romischen Auxiliarformationen am unteren Donau-
raum. - Sbornik praci Filosoficke fakulty Brnenske university. E - 15, 1970, 159 - 209.

Benes 1978: J. Benes. Auxilia Romana in Moesia atque in Dacia. Praha 1978.

Filow 1906: B. Filow. Die Legionen der Provinz Moesia von Augustus bis auf
Diocletian. Leipzig 1906.

Gerov 1967: B. Filow. Die Legionen der Provinz Moesia von Augustus bis auf
Diocletian. Leipzig 1906.

Hosek, Velkov 1957: R. Hosek, V. Velkov. Ein tesserarius von Durostorum. -
Sbornik praci Filosoficke fakulty Brnenske university. R-VI 1957 (1958) JNs 2, 118 - 120.

Ivanov 1999: R. Ivanov. Das romische Verteidigungssystem an der unteren Donau
zwischen Dorticum und Durostorum (Bulgarien) von Augustus bis Maurikios. - BRGK
78, Mainz am Rhein (1997) 1999, 467 - 640.

Keppie 1988: L'Keppie. The Making of the Roman Army. From Republic to
Empire. London 1988.

Pippidi 1962: D. Pippidi. Epigraphische Beitrage zur Geschichte Histrias in hel-
lenistischer und romischer Zeit. Berlin 1962.

Poulter 1983: A. G. Poulter. The Lower Moesian Limes and the Dacian Wars of
Trajan. - In: Studien zu den Militargrenzen Roms, III. Vortrage des 13. Internationalen
Limeskongress Aalen, 1983. Stuttgart 1986, 519 - 528.

Ritterling 1925: E. Ritterling. Legio. - RE, XII, Stuttgart 1925, 1330 - 1836.

Sarnowski 1988a: T. Sarnowski. Wojsko rzymskoe w Mezji Dolney i na polnocnym
wybrezu morza Charnego. Novaensia 3, Warszawa 1988.

Sarnowski 1988 b: T. Sarnowski. Romisches Heer im norden des Schwarzen
Meeres. - Archeologia, Warszawa 38, 1988.

Sarnowski 1992: T. Sarnowski. Niedermosien wahrend der Dakerkriege Domitians
und Trajans. Belerkungen zu K. Strobel. Die Donaukriege Domitians. Bonn 1989.- Eos
80, 1992, 154 - 155.

Sarnowski 2000: T. Sarnowski. Romische Besatzungstruppen auf der Siidkrim im

Spiegel der neuen Funde (K Bonpocy o puMckou okkynauuu K)}kH020 KpbiMa 6 cBeme
HoBbix gaHHbix). - In: Balaklava 2000, 265 - 272.

Saxer 1967: R. Saxer. Untersuchungen zu den Vexillationen des romischen Kai-
serheeres von Augustus bis Diokletian. - Ep. St., Koln 1967.

Strobel 1984: K. Strobel. Untersuchungen zu den Dakerkriegen Trajans. Studien
zur Geschichte des mittleren und unteren Donauraumes in der hohen Kaiserzeit (Antiq-
uitas, Reihe 1, Bd. 33). Bonn 1984.

Strobel 1988: K. Strobel. Die Legio V Alaudae in Moesia. Eine Phantomtruppe
der romischen Militargeschichte. - Historia 4, 1988, 504 - 508.

Strobel 1989: K. Strobel. Die Donaukriege Domitians (Antiquitas, Reihe 1, Bd.
38). Bonn, 1989.

Suceveanu, Barnea 1991: A. Suceveanu, A. Barnea. La Dobrudja romaine. Bucar-
est 1991.

Vulpe, Barnea 1968: R. Vulpe, I. Barnea. Din istoria Dobrogei. Vol II; Romanii
la Dunarea de Jos. Bucuresti 1968.

Wagner 1938: W. Wagner. Dislpkation der romischen Axiliarformationen in den
Provinzen Noricum, Pannonien, Moesien und Dakien. Berlin 1938.

Zahariade 1999: M. Zahariade. How and When the Legion XI Claudia arrived in
Lower Moesia. - In: Roman Frontier Studies, XVII, 1997. Zalau 1999, 599 - 607.

Zahariade, Gudea 1997: M. Zahariade, N. Gudea. The Fortifications of Lower
Moesia (A. D. 86 - 275). Amsterdam 1997.

Zubar 2000: V. M. Zubar. Das romische Heer in Chersonesos und auf ihrem
landlichen Gebiet in der 2. Halfte des 2. und im 1. Drittel des 3. Jh. (O puMckux
Boiickax B XepcoHece u eao okpyae B cepeguHe II - nepBou mpemu III BB.) - Balaklava
2000, 249 - 264.

DUROSTORUM IN THE STRUCTURE OF
THE PROVINCES OF MOESIA AND MOESIA INFERIOR

During his campaigns on both sides of the Balkan range (29/28 B.C.), and
to be more precise in the second year: Licinius Crassus turned towards the
region known as Scythia (Minor). Roles, the Chief of the Getae, who ruled the
lands around the place of the future garrison of Durostorum, was engaged in
a war with Dapix, another Getae ruler, who was preparing a serious rebellion
against the Romans. M. Crassus came to the assistance of his "old ally" Roles,
and defeated both Dapix, as well as still another ruler Zirax. The Legio IIII
became known for its courageous action and was called Scythica. Later the
Legio XX, in 2 - 3 A.D. also took part in an operation along the lower Danube
in the area around Durostorum and further northeast. Durostorum did not fall
within the limits of the new province of Moesia, founded in 12 A.D. To the
east the border of the province originally reached the estuary of the Oescus
(Iskar river), some time later to the Asamus river (the present day Osam river)
and the Utus river (the present day Vit river). After 45, when the new province
Thracia was established, the border to the east reached the Iatrus river (Yantra
river). The complete integration of Dobruja in the provincial system of Moesia

began in the reign of emperor Vespasian (69 - 79) and was further strengthened
under his sons Titus (79 - 81) and in particular Domitian (81 - 96). Thus
Durostrorum (Silistra) temporarily became the seat of cohors II Flavia Brit-
tonum, and possibly after that cohors II Gallorum (?). During the Bellum
civile legio III Gallica passed along the lower reaches of the Danube, going
to the road to the Apenines. The hypothesis has been expressed that Duros-
torum was a temporary camp. It is possible that an early inscription of
C(aius) Iul(ius) Apo[llinariis] /ex tess[erario].../v(eteranus), e(ques) R(omanus)
p(rimi)/p(ilaris) might have belonged to a person belonging to this unit. After
86 Durostorum fell in the new province of Moesia Inferior. In the autumn of
101, when Rome began the great offensive towards Sarmizegetusa, the capital
of the Dacian kingdom of Decebalus, Dacians and their foederati made a
surprise counteroffensive in a totally different place - on the Danube in the
province of Moesia Inferior. The Roman command was forced to urgently
transfer the legio XI Claudia here. At first it was stationed at Oescus (the vil-
lage of Gigen, Pleven region). Namely at that time the legio XI Claudia was
divided into three parts. The first crossed the great river and took part in puna-
tive operations in the Alutus valley (the Olt river) (together with vexillatio of
the legio V Macedonia and Legio I Italica s), while a smaller part remained
at Oescus to defend it, together with the region around it (as the legio V
Macedonia was also along the Alutus and part of it in the new garrison of
Troesmis-Iglisa in northern Dobruja; a third vexillatio went eastward where it
established itself temporarily at Novae (Svishtov) and we are certain it wintered
there as late as 104. In 106 the headquarters of the legio XI Claudia was
stationed in Durostorum. This unit took an active part in both of Trajan's wars
against the Dacians (101 - 102 and 105 - 106). Thus three legions were regularly
stationed in Moesia Inferior: legio I Italica remained in its old station at Novae,
the new legio XI Claudia was stationed in Durostorum and the V Macedonian
legion transferred from Oescus to Troesmis. Each of the three legions had its
own command zone and control Generally the legions were situated at equal
differences from one another. Three settlements in the hinterland of Moesia
inferior were occupied by military units. One was Abritus, at the present day
town of Razgrad, the second Montana (formerly Mihailovgrad, present day
Montana) and the third Sostra, at the village of Lovech, Troyan municipality,
Lovech region, which protected the important Troyan pass (up to the reign of
Septimius Severus this region fell in Thracia, and subsequently to Moesia Infe-
rior). After 134/136 vexillatios of the legio I Italica and legio XI Claudia were
stationed here. The period of the Antonines and the Severus were a period of
prosperity on Moesia Inferior and Thracia, one of the reason being the relative
peace along the limes. Nevertheless several incursions of the Costobci in 170
A.D. who crossed the Danube, then the Balkan range and even set out towards
Macedonia and Northern Achaia. There is no direct information in Durostorum
so far, however in Tropaeum Traiani a monument has been found, erected by
a person captured and killed by the Costoboci. Under the reign of Gordian

Ill (238 - 244) Carpes, Goths and Sarmathians interrupted the peace along
the limes (238 - 239 - 242 A.D.) Durostorum suffered greatly, and an inscrip-
tion from Durostorum speaks of a person released from barbarian captivity,
when consuls in Rome were Pius and Proclus (238). During the first great
Gothic invasion of 250 - 251 the decisive battle took place at Abritus (Razgrad).
After the battle the Goths went across the Transmarisca stretch (Tutrakan)
- Durostorum. Under Aurelian (270 - 275) short alliances of Goths, Alans,
and later Carpes and Roxolanes attempted to break the limes in 272 - 273.
Durostorum was among the towns affected. The Romans succeeded in driving
them back around Cius - Carsium area. In a fragmented construction inscrip-
tion from Durostorum we hear of successful campaigns of the Emperor against
Zenobia in Palmyra and against the "enemy Carpes", who were defeated
around the region of Carsium-Sucidava (in present day Dobrugea in Romania),
east of and close to Durostorum. (272 - 273). The Carpes were finally defeated
in 297 A.D. During the reigns of Trajan and Hadrian Dacia was consolidated,
and Moesia Inferior had a strong military contingent. The offensive policy
towards the Crimea was already a fact. Closest to these places were the camp
of the Legio V Macedonia at Troesmis, not far from the estuary. The contin-
gent of Moesia Inferior was under the command of a Tribune (tribunus mili-
tum), who had several centurions under him. They in turn were responsible for
centuria, selected from the respective legions. From the reign of Commodus
(180 - 192) and after that every commander of a vexillatio had the rank of
praepositus. Probably up to 166 - 167 A.D. the presence of units of legio
V Macedonia was evident. After that, however, it left Troesmis and Moesia
Inferior and was sent far away to the north west in Dacia Porolissensis, in the
new garrison of Potaissa, (present day Turda in Romania). Only two legions
remained in Moesia Inferior - I Italic at Novae and the legio XI Claudia at
Durostorum. It was namely from these units that the garrisons in the Crimea
peninsula were augmented. Thus a short time before the last quarter of the 2 nc *
century the units in Tyras, Olbia, Harax were mixed. Those of Olbia and Harax
were under the direct command of the centurion of the legio XI Claudia, while
those at Tyras and Chersonesus - under the command of the centurion of the I
Italic legion. Legionaires from the legio XI were stationed in Chersonesus and
the vicinity almost to the end of the second quarter of the 3 r ^ century.

Alfoldi 1967: G. Alfoldi. Die Verbreitung von Militarziegeln im romischen Dalma-
tien. - Ep. St. 1967, JN° 4.

Birley 1966: E. Birley. Immunis librarius. - In: Britain and Rome. Kendal 1966.

Birley 1969: E. Birley. Septimius Severus and the Roman Army. - Ep. St. 8, 1969,
63 - 82.

Davies 1969: R. W. Davies. The Supply of Animals to the Roman Army and the
Remount System. - Latomus, XXVIII, 1969 Jfe 2, 429 - 454.

Dobson 1974: B. Dobson. The Signifance of the Centurion and Primipilaris in the
Roman Army and Administration. - ANRW, II Prinzipat Bd. I, 1974, 392 - 434.

Dobson 1978: B. Dobson. Die Primipilares. EntwicSklung und Bedeutung, Laufbah-
nen und Personlichkeiten eines romischen Officiersranges. Koln - Bonn 1978 (Beihefte
der Bonner Jahrbucher).

Domaszewski, Dobson 1967: A. v. Domaszewski, B. Dobson. Die Rangordnung des
romischen Heeres. - Bonn. Jahrb., Beiheft 14, Koln - Graz 1967.

Drack-Felmann 1991: W. Drack, R. Felmann. Die Schweiz zur Romer Zeit.
Zurich 1991.

Filow 1906: B. Filow. Die Legionen der Provinz Moesia von Augustus bis auf
Diocletian. Leipzig 1906.

Gerov 1980: B. Gerov. Beitrage zur Geschichte der romischen Provinzen Moesia
und Thracia (Gesammelte Aufsatze). Amsterdam 1980.

Grueber 1910: H. A. Grueber. Coins of the Roman Republic in the British
Museum. London, Vol. II, 1910.

Keppie 1988: L. Keppie. The Making of the Roman Army. From Republic to
Empire. London 1988.

Oldenstein-Pferdehirt 1984: B. Oldenstein-Pferdehirt. Die Geschichte der Legio
VIII Augusta. - JRGZM 31, 1984, 397 - 433.

Laur-Belart 1935: R. Laur-Belart. Vindonissa, Lager und Vicus. Berlin-Leipzig
1935.

Luttwak 1976: E. Luttwak. The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire. From the
First Century A. D. to the Third. Baltimore - London 1976.

Ritterling 1925: E. Ritterling. Leio.- RE, XII, Stuttgart 1925, 1690 - 1704.

Sarnowski 1988: T. Sarnowski. Wojsko rzymskie w Mezji Dolnej i na polnocnym
wybrzezu morza Czarnego. Warszawa 1988 (= Novaensia 3).

Sarnowski 1988: T. Sarnowski. Romisches Heer im norden des Schwarzen Meeres.
- Archeologia (Warszawa) 38, 1988.

Sarnowski 2000: T. Sarnowski. Romische Besatzungstruppen auf der Siidkrim im
Spiegel der neuen Funde (K Bonpocy o puMckoii okkynauuu lOkiiozo KpwMa B cBeme
HoBbix gaHHbix). - In: Balaklava 2000, 265 - 272.

Schillinger-Hafele 1986: U. Schillinger-Hafele. Consules - August! - Caesares.
Datierung von romischen Inschriften und Miinzen. Stuttgart 1986.

Smith 1972: R. E. Smith. The Army Reforms of Septimius Severus. - Historia 21,
1972, 480-501.

Speidel 1983: M. Speidel. The Centurions' Titles. - Ep. St. 1983, 43 - 61.

Stahlin 1931: F. Stahlin. Die Schweiz in romischer Zeit. Basel 1931.

Strobel 1984: K. Strobel. Untersuchungen zu den Dakerkriegen Trajans (Antiqui-

tas, Reihe 1, JN° 33). Bonn 1984.

Watson 1983: G. Watson. The Roman Soldier. Bath 1983.

Webster 1969: G. Webster. The Roman Imperial Army of the First and Second
Centuries A. D. London 1969.

Zahariade 1999: M. Zahariade. How and When the Legion XI Claudia arrived in
Lower Moesia.- In: Roman Frontier Studies, XVII, 1997. Zalau 1999, 599 - 607.

Zahariade, Dvorski 1997: M. Zahariade, T. Dvorski. The Lower Moesian Army
in Northern Walachia (A. D. 101 - 118). Bucharest 1997.

Zubar 2000: V. M. Zubar. Das romische Heer in Chersonesos und auf ihrem
landlichen Gebiet in der 2. Halfte des 2. und im l.Drittel des 3. Jh. (O puMckux
Bouckax B XepcoHece u e20 okpyae B cepeguHe II - nepBoii mpemu III BB.) - Balaklava
2000, 249 - 264.

LEGIO XI CLAUDIA

Probably in the times of the early republic some old XI legion existed,
which was recruited anew by C. Iulius Caesar (100 - 44) in 58 B.C. After
that the legion was disbanded (46 - 45). Several years later, between 41 - 40
the young Octavian created the new - "old" XI legion, which was temporarily
stationed in Perusia (the present day Peruggia, not far from the Trasimene
lake. Subsequenty in the course of ten years the legion was among the most
trusted by Octavian. The legion XI took part in the battle at Actium on 2 nc *
September 31 against M. Anthony and Cleopatra VII. Its emblem was the God
Neptune. Later the legio XI was stationed northeast towards Illyricum, and was
stationed at Poetovio for some time and subsequently moved anew to Burnum
in Illyricum Superior (Dalmatia) along the Kerka river. Towards the end of 69
the legio XI Claudia was moved to Germania Superior, stationed at Vindonissa
(Windisch, Switzerland). By 100 A.D. (or at the latest early 101 A.D.) the
legion from the limes of the upper reaches of the Rhein was stationed again
to Pannonia, at Brigetio, while a small part was moved to Aquincum (near
Budapest). The Daco-Sarmatian invasion in Moesia Inferior during the first
Dacian war of Trajan however made the Supreme command to send the legio
XI Claudia in Moesia Inferior. Initially the legion was stationed at Oescus (the
village of Gigen, Pleven District). Together with the vexillatio of the legio V
Macedonia and Legio I Italica it took part in the spring of 102 in the operation
along the Alutus (Olt) valley. However the unit during the pause between the
two wars was sent to the east along the road along the Danube towards Novae
(the castrum of the Legio I Italica at present day Svishtov), where it remained
for some time (probably 104 - 105). Subseqeuntly it was stationed by Sexaginta
Prista (Rousse) and ended up at its new garrison at Durostroum (Silistra). The
vexillatio of the legion took part in the Judea campaign of Emperor Hadrian
(117 - 138). The two legions in Moesia Inferior - legio I Italica and legio XI
Claudia - took the side of Septimus Severus in the battle for the throne against
Pescenius Niger. From the third quarter of the second century the units of the

legio XI Claudia (together with parts of the legio I Italica) were stationed in
the northern Black Sea area and the Crimea peninsula (in the place of units
of the legio V Macedonia). The stationing of the legio XI Claudia is given in
Table I.

Military personnel of the legio XI Claudia in the province of Moesia Infe-
rior are given in Table II. Epigraphic monuments of persons of various ranks,
serving in the legio XI Claudia originate from Moesia Inferior (the territory of
present day Bulgarian and Romanian Dobruja).

In our opinion they are not many. Only in one inscription from Montana
their number is 75 military personnel, and at the shrine of Diana and Apollo
part of the dedicators come from this legion. Generally the inscriptions are
concentrated in three centres - Durostorum (the garrison and headquarters
of the legion), Montana (the present day town of Montana) (the location of
the vexillatio of this unit), Tomis (present day Constanta) - the capital of the
province of Moesia Inferior, where military personnel were sent for various
reasons, including the legio XI Claudia which is the subject of this study.

yy r , -. •.,

, 1 ±

o
O

2
I

a _ "/ io T «

©v

*-i

a
c

<i>

-=*

*-4

CO *5

* v.

a 4

Grosse 1920: R. Grosse. Romische Militargeschichte von Gallienus bis zum
Beginn der Byzantinischen Themenverfassung. Berlin 1920.

Hoffmann 1969: D. Hoffmann. Das Spatromische Bewegungsheer und die Notitia
dignitatum. - Ep. St., Bd.VII/1, Dusseldorf 1969.

Isaac 1990: B. Isaac. The Limits of Empire. Oxford 1990.

Kolendo 1966: J. Kolendo. - In: Eirene, Vol. V. Praha 1966, 139 - 154.

Sarnowski 1985: T. Sarnowski. Die Legio I Italica und der untere Donauabschnitt
der Notitia Dignitatum. - Germania 63, 1985, Jfc 1, 107 - 127.

Sarnowski 1990: T. Sarnowski. Die Anfange der spatromischen Militarorganisation
des unteren Donaulimes. - In: Akten des 14. Internationalen Limeskongresses 1986 in
Carnuntum (Teil 1 und 2). Wien 1990, 855 - 861.

Seeck 1962: O. Seeck. Notitia Dignitatum, accedunt notitia urbis Constantinopoli-
tanae et latercula provinciarum. Frankfurt am Main 1962.

Suceveanu, Barnea 1991: A. Suceveanu, A. Barnea. La Dobroudja romaine.
Bucarest 1991.

Williams 1985: S. Williams. Diocletian and the Roman Recovery. London 1985.

Zahariade 1988: M. Zahariade. Moesia Secunda, Scitia si Notitia Dignitatum.
Bucuresti 1988.

Zahariade 1997: M. Zahariade. The Halmyris Tetrarchic Inscription. - ZPE 119,
1997, 228 - 236.

Zahariade 1999: M. Zahariade. The Tetrarchic Building Activity at the Lower
Danube. - In: Der Limes an der Unteren Donau von Diokletian bis Heraklios. Vortrage
der Internationalen Konferenz Svistov (1.-5. September 1998). Sofia 1999, 3 - 16.

DUROSTORUM IN THE STRUCTURE OF THE PROVINCE

OF MOESIA SECUNDA

The new province of Scythia was established between 286 and 293. Prob-
ably the province of Moesia Secunda was also established at the same time,
Durostorum being situated in its most eastern part along the Danubian banks.
The Emperor Diocletian visited the town on the 21 and 22 m of October 294
and on 8 tn of June 303 and even issued decrees. A year later the Carpes and
Goths and their temporary allies invaded the northern diocese of Thrace, cross-
ing the Danube, which occurred in the vicinity of Durostorum. Transmarisca
and Tropaeum Traiani and many settlements in Dobruja suffered from the
invasion. Probably it was these invasions which provoked the beginnings some
stabilization construction work in many places along the limes. In the area
we are interested in three are the settlements evidenced epigraphically - Sex-
aginta Prista (Russe), Transmarisca and Durostorum (298 - 299 A.D.) After
the reforms of Emperor Diocletian (284-305) four legions were stationed in the
two provinces: legio I Italica and legio XI Claudia in Moesia Secunda and in
Scythia legio I Iovia and legio II Herculia. In the border territories (the ripae)
another two or three vexillationes of the same units were stationed under the

111

command of the prefect of the respective legion. It is from that period (possibly
some time earlier) that we know the names of other units such as: scutariorum,
solensium, catafractariorum. Table I shows in general the dislocation of the
various types of units over a century - from the time of the tetrarchy to the
Gothic wars of 376 - 378. At the time of Constantine the Great the imperial
army was eventually divided into two main types - border guards (limitanei)
and a mobile internal force (comitatenses) which occurred in 311 - 324 A.D.
and in the sector of the Lower Danube in 316 - 324 A.D. This coincided with
the clash for power between Licinius and Constantine I, many of which were
resolved on the territory of the Diocese of Thrace in 323 - 324. During the
second part of the reign of Constantine the Great we can positively note a base
camp, a seat of a Prefectus of the legion with 5 cohorts in pedatura superior
and the same number in pedatura inferior. Under his reign the structure of
the military contingent in Scythia and Moesia Secunda was as follows: legions,
cunei, milites, classis. From the time of Constantius II, one of the sons of
Constantine, military units of the cunei type and the milites type were stationed
at Durostorum, Tegra, Troesmis and Salsovia. Vexillatio of the legions along
the right banks of the Danube were sent for various periods as comitatensis
and respectively were given the following names: Tertiodecimani (from the
legio XIII Gemina), Quintani ( from the legio V Macedonia), Primani (from
the legio I Italica), Undecimani (from the legio XI Claudia), Ioviani ( from
the legio I Iovia), Herculani (from the legion II Herculanum). The name of
Durostorum is connected with the Second Gothic war of 376 - 378 and the
dramatic rule of the Emperor Valens (364 - 378). Moreover in 367 Valens
established himself namely here and issued several decrees.

112

Pacuiul. - SCIV 19, N> 3, Bucuresti, 451 - 468.

Dyczek 1999: P. Dyczek. Amfory rzymskie z obszaru dolnogo Dunaja. Dystribucija
amfor i transportowanych w nich produktow w I - III w. po Chr. Warszawa 1999.

Dimitrova-Milceva 2000: A. Dimitrova-Milceva. Terra Sigillata und dunnwandige
Keramik aus Moesia Inferior (Nordbulgaarien). Sofia 2000.

Garbsch 1978: J. Garbsch. Romische Paradenriistungen. Miinchen 1978.

Gibbs 1976: S, L. Gibbs. Greek and Roman Sundials. New Haven - London 1976.

Grinter 2002: P. Grinter. Paleobotanical Research at Gradishte: A Unique Insight
Into the Economy of a Late Roman, Early Byzantine Defended Site. - In: Roman and
Late Roman City. Sofia 2002, p. 69.

Hammon 2002: A. Hammon. The Mammal and Bird Bones from Dichin (Gradishteto):
Assessmant and Potential. - In: Roman and Late Roman City. Sofia 2002, 51 - 58.

Haynalova 1982: E. Haynalova. Archaobotanische Funde aus Krivina. - latrus -
Krivina, Bd. II, 1982, 207 - 236.

Haynalova 1991: E. Haynalova. Die Archobotanischen Funde. - latrus - Krivina,
Bd. IV, Berlin 1991, 261 - 298.

Hoddinott 1975: F. R. Hoddinott. Bulgaria in Antiquity. London 1975.

Ivanov 1990: R. Ivanov. Iixa Legionis V Macedonicae aus Oescus. - ZPE 89, 1990,
132 - 136.

Junkelmann 1986: M. Junkelmann. Die Legionen des Augustus. Mainz 1986.

Kabakcieva 1996a: G. Kabakcieva. Fruhromische Militorlager in Oescus (Nord-
bulgarien). Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen 1989 - 1993. - Germania 74, 1996, 95 - 117.

Kabakcieva 1996 b: G. Kabakcieva. Die rnarmorierte Keramik in Moesien und
Thrakien in romischer Yeit. - Acra RCRF 33, 1996, 119 - 122.

Kabakcieva 1997: G. Kabakcieva. Die Grondung des Militarlager bei der
Mondung des Flusses Oescus und die Entstehung der Provinz Moesien. - In: Roman
Frontier Studies 1995. Proceedings of the XVI m International Congress of Roman
Frontier Studies, Kerkrade. Oxbow Monograph 91, Oxford 1997, 387 - 392.

Kohlert 1976: M. Kohlert. Zur Entwicklung, Funktion und Genesis romischer
Gesichtsmasken in Thrakien und Niedrmosien. - In: Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift
d.Humbolt Universitat zu Berlin, Ges.-Sprachwiss. Reihe 25.

Loeschke 1919: S. Loeschke. Lampen aus Vindonissa. Zurich 1919.

Makowiecki, Makowiecka 2002: D. Makowiecki, M. Makowiecka. Animal
Remains from the 1989, 1990, 1993 Excavations of Novae (Bulgaria). - In: Roman and
Late Roman City, Sofia 2002, 211 - 219.

Mrozewizc 1979:

Mrozewicz 1982: L. Mrozewicz. Rozwoj ustrojo municipialnego a postepy roman-
izacji w Mezji Dolnej. Poznan 1982.

Mrozewicz 1989: L. Mrozewicz. Aristokracja municipialna w rzymskich prowinc-
jach w okresie wczesnego Cesarstwa. Poznan 1989.

Muse^eanu, Culica, Elefterescu 1980: C. Museteanu, V. Culica, D. Elefterescu.
Lampes a estampille de Durostorum. - Dacia, N.S., XXIV, 1980, 283 - 305. 1980:

Museteanu, Elefterescu 1983: C. Museteanu, D. Elefterescu. Lampes romaines de
Durostorum. - Dacia, N.S., XXVII, 1983, >6 1 - 2, 109 - 128.

Museteanu, Elefterescu 1990: C. Musejeanuu, D. Elefterescu. Ceramique sigille a
Durostorum. - Dacia, N.S., XXXIV, 1990, 234 - 244.

Museteanu, Elefterescu 1992: C. Museteanu, D. Elefterescu. Contribute privind
ceramica romana de la Durostorum. - Pontica, XXIV, 1992, 221 - 239.

Museteanuu, Elefterescu 1993: C. Museteanu, D. Elefterescu. CeYamique a gla-

149

sure plombiphere de Durostorum. - Pontica, XXV, 1993, 231 - 249.

Ognenova-Marinova 1976: L. Ognenova-Marinova. Statuettes en bronze du Musee
National Arch^ologique a Sofia. Sofia 1975.

Parvan 1924: V. Parvan. Municipium Aurelium Durostorum. - Rivista di filologia
e d'istruzione elassica (N.S.). Torino 1924, 307 - 340.

Petrikovits 1980: H. v. Petrikovits. Lixae. - In: Roman Frontier Studies. Sturling
1979. - BAR, Intern. Ser. 71, 1 - 3, Oxford 1980, 1207 ff.

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Roman Town Nicopolis ad Istrum and Dichin Hillfort (Roman Aqueduct), North Bul-
garia. - In: Roman and Late Roman City. Sofia 2002, 59 - 68.

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cological Analysis in the Roman and Early Byzantine Castellum Abritus in North-
Eastern Bulgaria. Some Paleoethnobotanical and Environmental Aspects. - Archeologia
Bulgarica 2000, Ms 2, 49 - 59.

Popova-Moroz, Bachvarov 1992: V. Popova-Moroz, I. Bachvarov. Roman Portrai-
ture from Durostorum and its Territory. - Dacia, N. S., XXXVI, 1992, 13 - 21.

Radulescu 1963: A. Radulescu. Elmi bronzei di Ostrov. - Dacia, N.S. 7, 1963.

Rankov 1983: N. B. Rankow, A Contribution to the Military and Administrative
History of Montana. - In: Ancient Bulgaria, Part II, Nottingham 1983, 40 - 73.

Robinson 1975: H. R. Robinson. The Armour of Imperial Rome. Thetford 1975.

Russu 1933/35: I. Russu. Inscriptii latine din Durosotrum. - AISC, Vol. II, Cluj
1933 - 1935 (1936), 210 - 218.

Rutkowski 1962: B. Rutkowski. Novae 1961. - Archeologia (Warszawa) 12, 1962.

Sarnowski 1988: T. Sarnowski. Wojsko rzymskoe w Mezji Dolney i na polnocnym
morza Czarnego. Warszawa 1988 (= Novaensia 3).

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Neue Zeugnisse zu Berufsbezeichnungen un zur Verknupfung zweier soziale und
wirtschaftlisher Sektorem (mit einem Anhang zum neuen Pridianum aus Vindolanda).
- Ktema 16, 1991, 19 - 32.

Venedikov 1975: I. Venedikov. Goldschatze der Thraker. Thrakische Kultur und
Kunst auf bulgarischen Boden. Wien 1975.

Venedikov 1978: I, Venedikov. Thrakische Kunst in Bulgarien. Ost-Berlin 1978.

DAILY LIFE

Durostorum was an important station along the Illyrian dues (publicum portorii
Illyrici), similarly to Ratiaria, Ulpia Oescus and Almus after 136 A.D. when certain
changes occurred within the limits of Moesia Superior and Inferior. No doubt this
was center along the Trans Danubian road and the commercial exchange of the
region. East of Durostorum, at Izvoraele 130 lead seals have been found, with the
images of the emperors on some of them, thus giving them an official character,
besides the "unofficial" seals. Seals with Christian symbols, connected with the
newly adopted religion have also been found. Probably the great number of found
lead seals marked the goods of the individual merchants. Also there are part of

150

them which probably were confirmation of the portorium tax. Probably some of
the seals indicate the existence of a customs bureau with the respective taxes,
and others certify a reduction or absence of taxes (especially in the case of offi-
cial goods). The types of architectural detail fall in the following categories: attic-
ionic bases and pilasters with fine acanthus ornamentation (from the reign of
Hadrian and Antoninus Pius and later); Corinthian capitals (from Hadrian up to
the Severi); parts of friezes and architrave blocks with plant ornamentation and
soffite ornamentation (generally between Hadrian- Antoninus Pius to the mid of the
3 rd century); ionic cornices with professionally worked smooths leaves (from the
reign of the Severi); cassetted ceiling slabs; capitals with acanthus volute ornamen-
tation, copies of fine models from Asia Minor from the times of the Antonines.
Most probably the stone material was drawn from the small valley of the Suha
river nearby, as well as the Gurlitsa lake (lacul Budeac), where many small quar-
ries existed , worked in Late antiquity and the Middle Ages. Numerous brick kilns
officinae functioned in the region under the directions of officinatores. The large
brick-works were figlinae. Amidst the pottery in Durostorum and the vicinity there
were instances of imported pottery, which came frorn several centres - settlements
from Gaul, the Rhein limes and Moesia Superior. Information about the eastern
Pontic sigilata as well as the imitation forms of the pottery centres on the ter-
ritory of Nicopolis ad Istrum (north of the walls, together with the settlements
of Pavlikeni, Butovo, Hotnitsa, Veliko Tarnovo disctrict) is scant. Several sherds
from amphorae from Late Antiquity fall here. About 150 lamps of the so called
Firmalampen type (see Table I) have been gathered from Silistra and the vicinity,
where we can read the names of the producer: Group I - FORTIS, OCTAVI,
STROBILI, VETTI, (the names of well known and highly productive Northern
Italic producers from the 2 nd century); Group II - ARMENI, ATIMENI, CASSI,
FLAVI, IANUARI, SEXTI, RESTUTUS, RETUTU (well established provincial
representatives of this produce dated between the mid 2 nd century and the last
decades of the 3 rd century. Bronze plastic works are comparatively few. The qual-
ity is not very high. Probably local workshops, which satisfied the needs of the
military and civilian population existed here. The Historical Museum at Silistra as
well as the Archeological Museums in Sofia and Constanta, together with private
collections possess over 20 scupltures. Workshops for the needs of the local inhabit-
ants existed at Durostorum. The sculptures found here indicate a high degree of
Romanization, which had penetrated the region through the long presence of the
legion. The Greek and Eastern influence, at least at this stage in sculptures is
sproradical. Sculptures discussed here fall within the chronological range between
the 1 st and 4 tn century A.D. Several cameos originate from Durostorum. For the
present it is impossible to say for certain whether a local attelier existed or they
were imported. A goldsmiths attelier or atteliers existed in Durostorum, working
with gold and other precious metals, similarly to many other settlements in the
mid stretches and lower stretches of the Danube. Many rings, necklaces, fibulae,
medallions etc. come from the necropolises. Some have been found at excavations
in canabae. Atteliers for metal working (lead and iron) were established at the

151

village of Ostrov.

Small quantities of rye, wheat, flax, millet, linen were grown in Roman Dobruja.
Of the fauna we can speak of hares, deer, wild goats, roe deer, bears, wild boars.
For certain the area had numerous forests in some parts. A household would
posses a horse, a donkey, pigs, sheep, goats, cats, dogs. Bee-keeping was developed.
Dobruja borders on almost three sides by the Danube and the Black Sea. Large
quantities of fish was caught, especially carp, herring, tunny, belted bonito. West of
Dorustorum is the fortification of Tegulicium at the village of Vetren, where part of
a necropolis from the Roman period was found. Charred plant remains were found
there and studied. There is information for the presence of date trees, cherries,
morello-cherries, acorns (oaks), hazelnuts, walnuts, grapes. No doubt the dates were
imported. The cherries and morello cherries came from the Apenines to the Black
sea region after the campaigns of Marcus Luculus against Mithridates VI. Probably
the fig tree came from the Crimea peninsula or from Asia Minor and the Caucasus.
The fig tree can grow in the west Black sea area and probably along the lower
reaches of the Danube. Plant seeds, which also cast light on this subject in a sub
chapter of the volume have been found in Silistra, however from the medieval layer
of Drustar. Seeds from soft wheat, rye, hard wheat, the so called Italian millet (more
resistant to drought that ordinary millet) and in the end peas and weeds prevail.
An analysis of wheat offers interesting conclusions. In antiquity and the Middle
Ages there was a change of seed wheat. This statement was made on the ground
of studies between the Eneolithic settlement at Omourtag and those at Silistra. This
wheat occurs almost everywhere in Europe.

152

1914.

Benes 1978: J. Benes. Auxilia Romana in Moesia atque in Dacia. Praha 1978.

Fitz 1966: J. Fitz. Die Laufbahn der Statthalter in der romischen Provinz Moesia
Inferior. Weimar 1966.

Gerov 1977: B. Gerov. Zum Problem der Entstehung der rsmischen Stadte am
Unteren Donaulimes. - Klio 59, 1977, 299 - 305.

Herz 1975: P. Herz. Untersuchungen zum Festkalendar der romischen Kaiserzeit
nach datierten Weih-und Ehreninschriften. Band 1. und 2. Mainz 1975.

Parvan 1924: V. Parvan. Municipium Aurelium, Durosotrum. - Rivista di filologia
e d'istruzione classica, N. S., anno II, fasc. Ill, Torino 1924,

Russu 1933/35: I. Russu. Inscriptii latine din Durosotrum. - AISC, Vol. II, Cluj
1933 - 1935 (1936).

Russu 1936/40: I. Russu. - In: AISC 1936 - 1940, Cluj (1940) M 4.

Velkov, Alexandrov 1988: V. Velkov, G. Alexandrov. <Venatio Caesariana>.
Eine neue Inschrift aus Montana (Moesia Inferior). - Chiron 18, 1988, 271 - 276.

Sarnowski 2000: T. Sarnowski. Zum religiosen Leben der romischen Vexillationen
auf der Siidkrim. - In: Balaklava, 2000, 231 - 242.

Sarnowski, Save^a 2000 a: T. Sarnowski, O. Savelja. Lateinische Inschriften. und
Ziegelstempel. - In: Balaklava 2000, 85 - 98.

Sarnowski, Savelja 2000 b: T. Sarnowski, O. Savelja. Zu den Familienverhaatnissen
der romischen Soldaten und Offiziere auf der Sudkrim. - In: Balaklava 2000, 197 - 200.

ETHNIC COMPOSITION, ROMANIZATION,
RELIGION AND FEASTS

When the legio XI Claudia was stationed from Germania Superior through
Pannonia to Moesia Inferior its composition was not homogenous. The only
preserved tombstone of a legionnaire of the legio XI Claudia from the original
basic camp of Oescus (Gigen on the Danube) is that of C. Cornelius lustus from
Pelagonia (nearby Bitolia in Macedonia). The name Cornelius probably indicates
a not distant Romanization. No doubt the military unit in Germania Superior
was additionally recruited, part of the recruits coming from Germany. Many of
the relatives of the legionaires remained in the canabae, yet some followed the
legion and settled in Moesia Inferior and in particular Durostorum. B. Gerov at
the time offered an extensive analysis on the ethnic composition of the vexiUatio
of legio XI Claudia at Montana from 155 A.D. The legionaires mainly had an
imperial nomen gentile, Aurelii being the most frequent - 17, followed by Valerii
- 12, Iulii - 11, Flavii - 9, Aelii - 9, Ulpii - 2, Cocceius - 1. According to Gerov the
largest number of names of newly recruited legionaires in the unit were during
the principate of Emperor Hadrian (117 - 138) and the first half of the reign of
Antoninus Pius (138 - 161), He believes this was particularly the case with those
bearing the preanomen Aurelius, who hardly had inherited it from their parents.
This is based on an inscription concerning the legio VII Claudia (CIL III, 81
10), where 36 newly recruited legionaires are mentioned, out of which only one

163

bears the name Aurelius (dated 134 - 135). The Aelii however number 14, Aelius
representing the nomen gentile of Hadrian. There are no clear indications for
the period of the presence of persons of Thracian origins; most probably this
would have occurred in the reign of Marcus Aurelius (161 - 180) and later.
In the same monument from Montana a beneficiarii consularis is mentioned,
together with a doctor (medicus), who are of Greek origin. In the inscription
from Durostorum dated 209 A.D. from the end of the reign Emperor Septimus
Severus (193 - 211) quite banal names prevail. Amidst the prae-nomen prevail
Valerii - 7 veterans, lulii - 2, Flavii - 2 as well as one Aelius, Aurelius, Septimius,
Cocceius. The origin of Aurelius Asclas is somewhat difficult. During the times
of the Severi there were cases of recruiting local men. There were cases when
relatives built monuments to persons when they had returned to the places of
their birth. We suppose they were of Thracian origin. Thus a tombstone originat-
ing from the village of Chomakovtsi, near Byala Slatina of a veteran of the
legio XI Claudia, whose name is quite ordinary indicates non-Roman origins
(Antonius Valens). Another stelae originates from Razgrad, in the memory of
Aurelius Victor (quite an ordinary name), indicates a veteran of the same unit.
Nevertheless the name Driza is also mentioned in the preserved part of the
broken inscription, which beyond doubt was Thracian. Aurelius Maturus from
Durostorum made a dedication to the Thracian Horseman.

In late antiquity matters changed even more with the introduction of a
new military system for the defense of the borders. Numerous tribal groups
were granted the status of foederati settling along the limes along the lower
reaches of the Danube. There are data of Goths foederati, and towards the
mid 5th century the Skires, Alanes, and Sadagres settled here as well. In the
last quarter of the 6th century the invasions of the Avars and the Slavs could
not be checked. A large part of the population was slaughtered (as early as
the invasion of the Huns in the mid 5 m century), another part left the place.
Up to the coming of the Proto-Bulgarians of Khan Asparuch a large part of
the inhabitants of Dorostol were of Slav origin. While early Slav pottery was
considered to have originally belonged to foerderati, the archeological material
after the first decades belong to a settled Slav population.

No doubt among the venerated cults we should mention that of Iup(p)iter
Optimus Maximus and the Capitoline trinity. A large shrine was excavated in
Montana to Diana and Apollo, part of those who had made dedications coming
from the legio XI Claudia. Other dedications are in honour of Roma aeterna
(the Eternal Goddess Roma), the Genius of the Province, Mercury (vener-
ated by merchants), Sylvanus, Hercules (especially among the legionaires).
Health deities Asclepius and Hygia naturally enjoyed great respect. The Thra-
cian Horseman was found in a dedication to [He]roni Surgethie.

Eastern cults also penetrated this region of the Empire. No doubt this was
through people of eastern orgin, both military and civilian, who had settled here
temporarily or for a longer period. Many "eastern settlers" established themselves
comparatively close to Durostorum in Pontic centres like Tomis, Histria, Callatis,

164

Dionysopolis, Odessus and elsewhere. The region we are studying was easily acces-
sible both via the Danube and the road network between the provinces. The mix-
ture of an ethnically varied population coming from different provinces of the
Empire led to the loss of the purely Roman religious character of the cults. This
is particularly valid for the late Principate, when the penetration of eastern cults
and syncretism was a mass phenomenon. We know of dedications to Mitra in the
canabae or the municipium at a temple of Uippiter Optimus Maximus Dolihenus.
At Balaclava (the northern outskirts of Sebastopol) recently a shrine was revealed
with very rich and interesting material. An altar was found in situ in the cella of the
cult building with a dedication to Volcano sacrum from the centurion of the legjo
XI Claudia. From the canabae of Durostorum comes a stone solar dial with the
image of Isis, Serapis and Orpheus. Probably a temple dedicated to Isis stood here.
A number of bronze statuettes of deities come from Durostorum and the vicinity,
indicating the cults which the population venerated. We should note Mercury, Ares,
Hercules, Hermes, Aphrodites, Hephestus, Priapus. Four small lead reliefs of Arthe-
mis also come from here.

Many feasts were celebrated in Durostorum and the vicinity. We have
information about the Saturnalia. The due attention was shown to military cults,
as well as to Neptune, the emblem of the legio XI Claudia stationed here. The
solar dial with the images of Egyptian deities comes to show, that settlers from
the east venerated Isis and Serapis. It was natural for them also to celebrate
the official Roman feasts to the principle Gods from the pantheon.

165

siianm

*^m

06p. 3. TpaHUU,ama Me&qy kbcuopuMckume npoBumam Bmopa Mu.3ux u Ckumux:
1. PuMckuxm m>m om JJypocmopyM go Mapu,uauonoA; 2. KbCHopwncku ceAUiu,a u
ykperueHun; 3. Tpanui^ama M&kgy Bmopa Mu3usi u Ckumiw (no Torbatov

2000 b, p. 74, fig. 7)
Fig. 3. The border between the Late Roman provinces of Moesia Secunda and
Scythia: The Roman road from Durostorum to Marcianopolis; 2. Late Roman cities
and fortifications; 3. The border betwen Moesia Secunda and Scythia (after Torbatov

2000 b, p. 74, fig. 7)

wahrend der Prinzipatszeit. Opladen 1975.

Russu 1936 - 1940: I. Russu. Monumente sculpturale din Durostorum. - Anu.
Inst. Stud. Clasice 3, 1936 - 1940, 174 - 199.

Sarnowski 1985: T. Sarnowski. Koraendatura legionu I Italskiego w. - Novae. Stud.
Arch. 4, 1985.

Velkov 1960: V. Velkov. Durostorum - Drastar - Silistra. Antike und Mittelalter
in Bulgarien, 1960.

Vittinghoff 1970: F. Vittinghoff. Entstehung von stadtischem Gemeinwesen in der
Nachbarschaft romischer Legionslager. Ein Vergleich Leons mit den Entwicklungslinien

im Imperium Romanum. - Legio VII Gemina 1970.

DUROSTORUM - THE CASTRA AND THE FORTIFICATIONS ON
THE BANKS OF THE DANUBE

The identification of the present day town of Silistra and its adjacent vicin-
ity with the ancient Durostorum was carried out a long time ago based on the
fortress wall, visible to this day on the banks of the Danube, epigraphic monu-
ments, chance discoveries of walls, bricks with seals, coins, and other small finds.
However it was only with systematic and emergency excavations from the end of
the 60s of the last century in the town and the studies of Romanian colleagues
east of it that it was possible to outline with sufficient clarity the separate ele-
ments of the concept of Roman Durostorum, as the studies along the Rhein
limes and the remaining part of the Danubian limes of the Empire point to the
existence of two civilian structures canabae, settlement off the castra, and a vil-
lage (vicus), at a distance of 1,5 - 2,5 km from a legionary military camp, as was
the case with Durostrorum. These in principle, at a certain moment were granted
the status of self-governing municipality (municipium).

The excavations between 1972 - 1976 allowed the localization of the stone
castra of the legio XI Claudia in the southeastern part of present day Silistra.
At first two internal and one external tower, part of the dwelling of a centurion,
and two barracks were found in the southwest corner. Later by chance the
northwestern corner was found by chance. Thus we established its length about
510 m, its width 430 m, covering a common area of 22 ha.

The foundations of the wall are 2.70 - 3 m wide (in the substructions, and
2,10 m in the superstruction. The external face of the wall was made of small
stone blocks, while the internal face of irregularly shaped stones with over plas-
tered joints. This is held together by white plaster with a large amount of river
ballast. However observations show that the original thickness of the foundations
is 1.50 m and they were deeper by 0.70 m through the later thickening on the
interior wall. This is clearly seen at the southern internal tower, which originally
had external dimensions of 6,40 by 4,90 m and internal dimensions 3,50 by 3,30
m; after the widening of the wall they respectively became 6,40 x 4,00 and 3,50
x 1,80 m. The foundations of the tower are structurally linked with the castra wall
and are 1,50 m. wide. The wall was built of semi-worked stones with the same
plaster connection. The sparsely preserved cover on the west wall presupposes a

183

width of 0,90 - 1,00 m width in the superstruction. At another tower, preserved
only in its foundations, has a trapeze shape and is in the southwestern corner
of the castra. Its external dimensions are 9,40 x 7,95 x 6,50 m reduced as is the
case with the other tower after repairs of the wall. What is specific here, is that
the external angles are protruding by about half a meter before the curtain wall.
Thickness of the foundations is identical to those of the previous tower.

A building with an orientation south-north with dimensions 23 x 11,5; and an
area of 264,5 sq. m. and 0,55 m thickness and connected with white plaster was
found 16,70 m from the southern wall. Its situation and size, analogous to internal
buildings in other castra point to it having been the centurion's headquarters. This
was also supported by two more narrow buildings with a western-eastern orientation,
seen as barracks. They are 8,50 m wide, the length of the premises varies between
3,80 - 4,40 m. The space between them, 2,10 m, is covered by a layer of 0,10 -
0,15 m deep ballastThere is ground to suppose that the strengthening of the
foundations of the early castra wall, to a height of 0,70 m and the building
of a 2,10 m wide wall with a superstruction occurred after the raids of the
Costoboci (kostobikai) in 170 A.D. Indications are found in written sources, of
the unusual width of the castra wall for the 2 nt * century, the excavations of the
fortifications of Serdica, Philipopolis etc., as well as the upper layers within the
castra and those of the canabae, dated by coins from the period. Probably the
street 1,80 m to the south, beyond the wall dates from the same period.

Several facts give ground for this dating. First of all, in soundings below
the street spots and layers of white plaster and small stones were found, which
can be associated with the construction of the castra wall and the fosses. In the
second place the exterior faces of the curb stones were done in an approximately
similar manner, and the width of the curtina superstruction was 2,10 m wide. The
third circumstance was that it was built before the barbarian invasions of the 3 rc *
century and its position facing west was cut by the large exterior tower. This is
why the period when it served as a via sagularis (the external street surrounding
the castra) could fall between the end of the 2 n & and the mid 3 r ^ century.

The next reconstruction established in this section of the fort occurred after
the Gothic invasions in the mid 3 rc * century when the external corner tower
ceased to function and a rectangular 21,70 x 12,80 m external tower appeared.
There also was a second building period, linked to rebuilding with evidently larger
stones, with red plaster. Such a reconstruction has also been established with
the wall, which, after being knocked down was built up with large stone blocks,
characteristics for the so called Binder-Laufer system of the 5 m - 6 m c A.D.

The wall, 2,60 m thick and with a superstructure of large stones with pink
plaster, found to the south of the rectangular interior tower, in its orientation
(it is transverse to the wall) and position, can be interpreted as part of another
exterior tower built in the 5 m - 6 tn c. A.D.

Excavations in the southwestern part of the military camp show it does not
differ from the familiar pattern of similar castra from the Imperial period.

It is rectangular with internal towers. The situation of the interior dwell-

184

ing of the centurion and the two barracks are fully in line with the plan of
such castra from other sites along the Roman limes. In future we expect to
excavate the four gates and the streets leading to the central buildings - the
principia (the headquarters of the legion), the praetorium (the residence of
the legatus legionis), the scamnum tribunorum (dwelling of senior officers), the
valetudinarium (the hospital) and the thermae (the baths). Like elsewhere the
barracks of the ten cohorts should be expected to be found nearby along the
city walls.

THE FORTRESS ON THE BANKS OF THE DANUBBE

It should be noted that a new fortress was built in Late Antiquity close to the
banks of the Danube. The wall here follows a northwestern-southeastern direction
for 55 m. The foundations are 3,60 m deep, made of broken rock with pink plaster
between the stones. The curtina is 2,30 - 260 m wide. The first layer and part of
the second row row of carefully cut ashlars with pink plaster are preserved from
the superstructure. The structure of the section in the so called south-east sector has
a similar structure and was used as the foundation of a later wall. The earlier wall
underwent serious damage, most evident on the bank of the river and to a lesser
extent in the southeast sector. The line of the second wall was moved by about 1 - 1,5
m to the north and was built with new foundations contrary to the southeast sector,
where, the earlier wall had served as a foundation. Its thickness varies - 3,45 m,
3,58 m to 4,20 m. The filling consisted of broken and worked stones (probably from
the destroyed earlier wall), as well as of abundant resin, covered with red plaster.
The facing consists of well worked ashlars, placed in a Binder-Laufer system. It
should be noted that in the section along the river banks the foundation of the
wall lies on. Pylons, covered with red plaster 0,30 m thick. Two triangular and
two pentagonal towers, at places where the wall makes a bend, belong to this
construction period. The author of the study has dated the first wall towards
the end of the 3 rc * c A.D. and the beginning of the 4 m c A.D., while the
second one at least after the Hun invasion towards mid the 5 tn c. A.D. and
most probably during the reign of Justinian (527 - 565).

185

nocokama ce npOMeua B HanpaBAeHue U3mok go u3Bopume Ha BamoBcka
peka go c. IfeBopcko (o6tu,. AkcakoBo, o6a. BapHa). "IIoAocama" MUHaBa no
meneHuemo Ha pekama go ycmuemo B ^epHO Mope, ceBepHo om c. KpaHeBo,
o6a, BapHa, u io^ho om .IJuoHiiconoAuc (Top6amoB 2002, 19 - 20, o6p. 1).

CMflma ce, ne npoBuHUUH Ckumua e ocHoBana Me&gy 21 ioau 286 u 1
Mapm 293 z. HaB»pHO no cbmomo BpeMe e o6pa3yBaHa u UHmepecyBamama
hu myk Bmopa Mu3uh, koamo uMa CAegHume apaHimu. Ha u3mok moBa ca

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06p. 2. KbCHoanmuHHU npo8unu,uu 8 K)?ou.3moHHama uacm na BoAkaHckuH

noAyocmpoB (no P. MBanoB, A. PaueBa)
Fig. 2. Provinces in Antiquity in the Southeastern Part of the Balkan Peninsula

(after R. Ivanov, L. Racheva)

Vittinghoff 1970: Fr. Vittinghoff. Die Entstehung von stadtischen Gemeinden in der
Nachbarschaft romischer Legionslager. Ein Vergleich Leons mit den Entwicklungslinien
im Imperium Romanum. - In: Legio VII Gemina, Leon 1970

CANABAE LEGIONIS XI CLAUDIAE

The emergence and development of the canabae, mentioned chiefly in epi-
graphic monuments have been studied by many scholars since the 19th century.
From a purely theoretical issue, it gradually has assumed more concrete dimen-
sions and interpretations with the expansion of the scope of archeological stud-
ies. There is no doubt at present that after the stationing of legions at a certain
site, civilian settlements arose around them and in their immediate proximity.
This is a tradition which goes back to republican days, when the army was quite
mobile, and such settlements were temporary. However throughout the Impe-
rial period, when the stationed legions stayed in one place for a longer time,
canabae gradually became settlements which in their architectural appearance,
lay out, and internal organization began to resemble the real town in the prov-
inces. We could suppose that their population were entrusted with important
assignments connected with supplies to the garrisons, production and supply of
a variety of goods. This can explain somewhat why they were attractive centers
for many artisans and merchants, who wished to gain from meeting of the
personal needs of men and officers. On the other hand the commanders of
the legion were interested having military workshops repairing armaments and
providing supplies, as well as carrying out maintenance work.

These settlements were closely linked with the legion and this was clearly
expressed in their name as is the case of Troesmis - the canabae of the legio
V Macedonian, or the canabae of the legio XI Claudia, as is the case with
Durostrorum.

The plase of the settlement was given in very few cases. It would be wrong
however to speak of military rule or strict military control over the entire
castra settlement and associate it with the so called lustrum primipili which
we know from the 3™ century and the inventory and control was carried
out by the military every five years. The commanders of the legion naturally
would be interested in controlling activities beyond the fortifications and control
the workshops run by the army and for it. Otherwise it would be in contradic-
tion with Roman managerial principles to believe, that they would not allow
"autonomous" bodies of the settles of the canabae to carry out the necessary
administrative tasks. If that were not the case, such a time consuming role
would have increased the load on the military personnel of the castra. This is
also supported by the existing epigraphic monuments which clearly point to the
existence of a corporative organization of Roman citizens with juridical rights
among the inhabitants of the canabae - consistentes ad canabas legionis or ad
legionem (settled in canabae of the legion) and veterani et cives Romani ad

225

canabas (veterans and Roman citizens of the canabae...)

The association of veterans and roman citizens was led by two magisters.
Inscriptions also speak of aediles, responsible for markets, roads, games and the
distribution of grain. For four settlements we have direct or indirect informa-
tion of the existence of a ordo decorionum - a town council, which probably
existed everywhere. Thus the town council of certain canabae could order the
raising of a commemorative inscription with a text locus datus decreto decu-
rionum (the place was given by decree of the councilors), and in another case
"a public - place". At Aquincum he even has at his disposal "public funds"
pecunia publica.

This practice comes to show, that with some caution we could examine
developed canabae as something in-between a corporation and a community,
i.e. a quasi municipality. Their supreme rulers, the magisters, could not be
granted the title quatuoviri (duu(m)viri or quatuoviri, which is retained for the
territorial corporation of the coloniae, municipia, civitates. Canabae never were
granted local law, as they were seen domicilia of Roman citizens. This is why
they did not possess their own origo (corporation). These legal limitations did
not stop any canabae to compete in their area or building up or even surpass
the adjacent villages (vici) and municipia as archeological excavations indicate
to be the case along the imperial border. It appears this is best proven with the
example of the canabae of the legio XI Claudia at Durostorum, which in the
inscription from the reign of Emperor Antoninus Pius (138 - 161) were called
Aelieae, in analogy to the Roman towns bearing the names of emperors.

The emergency excavations I conducted north of the castra of the legion
in the 1973 - 1981 period allowed the documentation study of tens of build-
ings from the canabae. They have different plans and functions. These build-
ings were built of stone with white plaster up to the middle of the 3 rc * century
and afterwards large pieces of broken bricks were added. The thickness of
the walls varies between 0,50 - 1,20 m Many of the buildings have a heating
system (hypocaustum) and were connected with the water supply system and
the sewers of the settlement. Among them several streets were found in a
north-south and east-west direction, covered with small gravel and slabs, under
them canals made of bricks or stones.

Most of the buildings, in spite of the fact that they are not completely exca-
vated, evidently were private dwellings, while the scale and the plan of others
indicate their character of a public buildings. The last one about 200 m north
of the thermae of the castra is a fine example. Built in the first half of the 2 nc *
century it belongs to the type with chambers in line. The thermae have three
premises with pools and another basin for cold water. At first the preafurnia
(furnaces) was to the north, however later they were rebuilt, and the eastern
excedra was cut, to allow warm air to pass from the newly added praefurnium.
With time there were many changes in the plan, new premises were added, floor
levels were raised, new drains were built etc. The last clearly expressed construc-
tion period is from the first half of the 4 m c A.D. documented by coins and a

226

floor, covered with bricks with seals RVMORIDVS. No doubt it had been used
secondarily, although not in its full size. Infortunately the bad climatic conditions
did not favour the conducted emergency excavations. Owing to that photographs,
technical documentation is incomplete.

Another site (Mladost 1-2), some 260 m southwest from the thermae and
a little more than 100 m north of the castra, offers for the present the clear-
est development of the private type of building in canabae of the legion in
towns from Late Antiquity. This was a complex of structures from the first half
of the 2 nc * century. Its eastern sector consists of three long rows of premises,
oriented in a north-south direction, some of them supplied with a hypocauystus
system. To the west, in spite of the serious damage from the excavations for the
foundations of a block of flats, the traces of at least two rows of premises with
the same orientation were found; together with the rest they enclose an interior
space, where a private baths, consisting of four serial premises, attached to
the eastern section of the complex existed. Buildings with totally different plans
and probably different functions were erected in the early 4 m century over the
ruins of the urban villa. The eastern building consists of a large premise (over
100 sq. m) with an exedra in the southern part and two smaller premises. The
praefurnium, found to the east of the building and traces of a hypocaustus
show it was heated. The baths, which consist of two elongated premises ending
in exedrae and another one, almost square in shape, uniting them, a 4 m
southwest to it. The praefurnium originally was at the southern side, and later
at the west. Later reconstructions and additions show the building existed up
to the 6 tn century.

Another type of building established in two places were those with stone
street covers, which were probably part of an interior court yard. In one case
(block of flats 12, 7 tn September street) the area was 100 sq. m. and in the
other (Dunav B block of flats) the area exceed 40 sq. m.

Excavations also show, that large buildings exist where the dwelling section
and the baths were under one and the same roof ("Seres street", "Dunav bl.
Bl", "Block Yavorov 1 - 2", "7 th September street"), as well as in smaller
public baths ("Tolbuhin street"). Inscriptions suggest temple constructions
existed together with the well-known sundial found south of the camp probably
was placed on a square.

Although the buildings I have excavated in the eastern part of Silistra are
over approx 30 ha, the traces of buildings in the vicinity of the Danubian
fortress and the central part of the town indicate, that canabae spread over
approx 60 ha.

227

ceAume. Moie 6u k^cHoaHmuHHomo ykpenAeHue npu c. PyiiHO, 06m.
J^yAoBo, o6a. CuAucmpa, cbm,o ga npuHagAe&u kbM ma3u mepumopun
(AmaHacoB, MomoB, PycceB 2003, c. 187). FTo Ha loa Bene nocmeneHHO ce
HaBAU3a B Aygoaopuemo, a maM eguncmBeHUflm apag e A6pumyc, koiimo ce
cnoMeHaBa kamo mak'bB B MHoao om k^cHoaHmuHHume u3Bopu. Ha 3anag
3eMume BkAionBam pauonume okoAO TeayAuuuyM (BempeH), HuapimuaHuc-
KaHguguaHa (c. MaA^k rtpecAaBeu,) u gopu TpaHCMapucka (TympakaH)(?)
(o6p. 2). Tyk oGane mpaSBa ga iwkAioHUM "npamama" Ha Boemiume nacmu,
koumo cmaHyBam npe3 IlpuHuunama u j3,OMUHama no me3U Mecma. ToAeiviu
cnopoBe BT^y&ga HaMupaHemo Ha apanuneH cnrbAS c Aamimcku Hagnuc om
c. CMUAeu,, Ha okoAO 15 kM io203anagHO no npaBa auhuh om CuAucmpa.
Hagnucbm 2Aacu: "lul(ius) Ferox p(rimi)p(ilus) leg(ionis)/XI Cl(audiae) iussu
v(iri) c(larissimi) Serlvili Fabiani co(n)s(ularis) n(ostri) I terminus posuit/(5) in
locum Subiatil secundum sentenj [tjias pr[ae]ceden[tis velres..." JJamama e Me^kgy
161/163 uau 162/164 z. (Velkov 1970, 55 - 58; 1980, 111 - 116). CmaBa
gyMa 3a npuMuniiAa K)auu Oepokc, koiimo no Hape&gaHe Ha npoBuHUuaAHUJi
ynpaBumeA nocmaBa apaHUHeH kaivrbk. 3a cbdcaAeHue B mekcma He e
om6eAfl3aHO 3a kakBa apaHUHHa mepumopufl cmaBa gyMa. Cnopeg B.

'£7~~ Nigriniasiis
S^k Candidiana

Transmarisca

M O E S 1 A

SEC U N D A

Cmiiacu ,' s * J

» « v. s

V i ■ fojcm

Tropaeum Traiani

/ III. PydftioBtf

IPyOHO

RotiHukofiii

.•t Palmatae

J '

a y n o r o p m 6

AKrKHJJAt

■++4

- 2)UU!U1UI

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• -

aHRtuinn eeimuc

■ '

ci.8p<r»eHHt> ce.min*

Marcianopolis

06p. 2. JlypocmopyM u 6AU3kama okoAHocm (aBmop P. MBanoB)
Fig. 2. Durostorum and the vicinity (author R. Ivanov)

Culica 1978: V. Culica. Cu privire la lagarul legiunii a XI" a Claudia la Dunarea
de Jos. - Pontica 11, 1978, 115 sqq.

Damian 2002 - 2004, P. Damian u koAekmuB: Cronica cercetarilor arheologice
din Romania. Bucuresti 2002, 224 - 225; 2003, 222 - 223; 2004, 225 - 226.

Donevski 1989: P. Donevski. Durostorum. Municipium Aurelium und das Lager
der Legio XI Claudia. - In: Roman Frontier Studies, Oxford 1991, 277 - 290.

Donevski 1990: P. Donevski. Zur topographie von Durostorum. - Germania, 68,
1990, J* 1, 240 - 244.

Dorujiu-Boila 1972: E. Doru^iu-Boila. Castra legionis V Macedonicae und Muni-
cipium Troesmense. - Dacia, XV, 1972.

Dorujiu-Boila 1978: E. Doru{iu-Boila. Uber den Zeitpunkt der Verleihung des
Munizipalrechts in Scythia Minor. - Dacia, XXII, 1978, 246 - 248.

Gerov 1977: B. Gerov. Zum problem der Entstehung der romischen Stadte am
unteren Donaulimes. - Klio 2, 1977, 298 - 304.

Marginianu 1978: C. Marginianu. Un mormant de epoca romana descoperit pe
raze comunei Ostrov. - Pontica, XI, 1978, 137 - 141.

Mrozewicz 1984: L. Mrozewicz. Ze studiow nad rola canabae w procesie urbani-
zowania terenow pogranicza rensko-dunajskiego w okresie wczesnego cesarstwa. - Bal-
canica Posnaniensia, HI, Poznan 1984.

Mu§e{eanu, Elefterescu 1978: C. Musefeanu, D. Elefterescu. Oglinzi romane din
plumb de la Durostorum. - Pontica, XI, 1978, 105-111.

Mu§eteanu 1990: C. Musejeanu. Contributii privind topografia Durostorului. -
SCIVA, 1990, 296 sqq.

Mu$e{eanu 1996: C. Muse^eanu. Les ateliers ceramiques de Durostorum, Rei
Cretarie Romanae Fautorum, Acta 33, 1996, 17 - 21.

Musefeanu 1998: C. Musefeanu. A propos de la fin des ateliers ceramiques de
Durostorum, Studia Danubiana. - In: The Roman frontier at the Lower Danube 4 tn -
6th c, Buchares 1998, 169 - 171.

Parvan 1924: Parvan. Municipium Aurelium Durostorum. - Riv. Fil. et d'Istr.
Class. 2, 1924, 1 - 10, 14, 15.

Poulter 1983: A. Poulter. Town and country in Moesia Inferior. - Ancient Bul-
garia, Part 2, 1983, 80 - 81, 80 - 83, 106.

Radulescu 1963: A. Radulescu. Elmi bronzei di Ostrov, Dacia, VII, 1963, 511 - 535.

Russu 1936 - 1940: I. Russu. Monumente sculpturale din Durostorum - Anu. Inst.
Studii Clasice, 3, 1936 - 1940, 174 - 199.

Severeanu 1935: G. Severeanu. Fibules appurtenant aux collections du Musee
municipal de Bucarest et du Dr. Severeanu. Bucuresti 1, 2, 1935, 184 - 217.

Severeanu 1937: G. Severeanu. A Micenian gold object found in Dobrogea.
Bucuresti III, 1/2, 1937, 25 - 26.

Vittinghoff 1968: Fr. Vittinghoff. Die bedeutung der Legionslager fur die Entste-
hung der romischen Stadte an der Donau und in Dakien. - In: Studien zur europaischen
Vor-und Fruhgeschichte 1968, 135 - 136.

Vulpe 1963: R. Vulpe. Le nombre des colonies et des municipes de la Mesie
Inferieure. - Acta antiquva Philippolitana, 1963, 14 - 71.

239

VICUS - MUNICIPIUM AURELIUM DUROSTORUM

The village - the vicus is the other civilian structure always off the castra,
with its own name (generally before the Roman name or the Romanized
name), as is the case of Troesmis, Aquincum, Brigetio and others.

Such a settlement is a continuation of an earlier autochthonous settlement,
occupied by Romans, avoiding in this way the dependence on the military
authorities, at the same time living close to the legion which provided a suit-
able market and guaranteed their security. Moreover such settlements could be
granted the status of a Roman town (municipium), a status which as a rule
vici were given, not canabae. And considering this from a legal point of view
this meant total autonomy for the territory of the legion within the territory
of the province it is understandable why the vicus in this way was receiving
the rights of a town. Historical material shows that after the emergence of the
municipium, canabae continued to exist, developing more of less intensively.
The same sources point to the close links between the two settlements - fre-
quently one and the same people performed various duties in the vicus (muni-
cipium) and the canabae.

The epigraphic and archeological material known so far allows the conclu-
sion that it was correct to establish Roman towns not far from castra of legions,
based on a vicus, not canabae, namely a vici, on terrains, regardless of the
military laws, which corresponded to the requirements of a real municipium.
Most of the Roman towns along the Rhein-Danubian limes were originally vici.
Archeological studies confirm that towns like Vindobona, Carnutum, Brigetio,
Aquincum are situated between 1,5 - 2,5 km from the legion castra, while
colonia Ulpia Traiana (Vetera), even at 4 km .

The only case of granting civil rights to a canabae is Apulum in Dacia, yet
this was done during the reign of the Seven. An instance is also known which
we can look on as a break of the rule in another direction, namely the case of
the development of a canabae and vicus not far from the castra of the legio
XXII Primigenia, and neither of these municipalities being given civil rights. In
spite of that a real city was born exactly nearby the fortress, which in the 3rd c.
A.D. was surrounded by a fortified wall and had the function of capital of the
province of Germania Superior - Mogontiacum, which in the 4 m c. even included
part of the former site of the castra of the legion. Both extreme cases defy any
classification and are evidence for locally specific examples.

When V. Parvan published and provided his commentary on the text of the
inscription where municipium Aurelium Durostorum is mentioned early in the
20 tn c., he did not hesitate to link it with quick development of the canabae.
He wrote that they had become a municipium. He thought it logical that cana-
bae, granted with such imperial indulgence, bearing the name of independent
municipalities with the imperial name, under M. Aurelius received the status
of a municipium. R. Vulpe and B. Gerov believed that the canabae were in

240

the territory of the present day town, while one kilometer to the east there was
another civilian settlement, which developed on the site of the ancient Geto-
Dacian oppidum. Special proof of B.Gerov's thesis came from the discoveries
in 1970 of two Latin inscriptions dated 209 A.D., found about 500 m south of
the castra of the legion. In the first inscription the inhabitants are referred to
as vicani while in the second one the term used is consistentes huius loci. This
gives Gerov ground to believe that 40 years after being granted the rights of a
municipium of the canabae, a vicus also existed alongside the castra.

According to another scholar - E. Dorutiu-Boila, the same inscriptions are
proof of the late raising of Durostorum to the rank of municipium. The author
bases this on the conclusion, that in similar cases of parallel existence of two settle-
ments - canabae and vicus alongside namely the latter becomes a municipium. In
her opinion it is logical if beyond the legion there still is a vicus, that Durostorum
at that time was not yet a municipium. Her view is that in the first inscription
published by V. Parvan the name of the Emperor M. Aurelius Antoninus Augustus
does not necessarily indicate the reign of Marcus Aurelius, as the same name was
borne by M. Aurelius Antoninus Caracalla.

I feel in this case the data from these inscriptions concerning the status of
the settlement are taken somewhat lightly. There are examples when a canabae
is called a vicus canabarum, as is the case with Argentarate or vicus canabarum
and vicani canabensium for example, particularly during the reign of the Severi.
Nevertheless these arguments can hardly be arguments for the existence of a
separate community in 209 A.D. which later under Caracalla would be granted
the right of a municipium. And if the first inscription the inhabitants are pre-
sented as vicani, in the second the term consistentes huius loci (locus) appears. The
difference in the names probably reflects the lower status of the cited settlement.
Besides this the commercial character of the two inscriptions and the legal status
of the inhabitants (veterans and peregrines) are more adequate to the character
of a settlement by the camps as is the case of the canabae.

Material from the pre-Roman period, found on the Silistra area are few and
spread out. This is why they are insufficient to point to the site of the pre-Roman
settlement. On the other hand monuments from the Roman period are in great
abundance, variety and with positive locations. The archeological material found
in the past and in the present days at 2 - 3 km east of Silistra, in Romanian ter-
ritory is interesting. They consist of pottery, coins, bricks and lead seals with the
seal of the legio XI Claudia, a cast for lamps, and cast for statuettes, lead mirrors,
pottery furnaces, traces of building activities, and drainage systems. Late antiquity
building material used secondarily and the inscription of the Durostorum muni-
cipium were found in the same region.

The intensity of the finds, their variety and character speak of the presence
of the settlement. And after the excavating of the castra of Silistra and its
canabae, it is evident that this settlement can only be the vicus. As is evident
from the excavations in Silistra and the vicinity and here as well as elsewhere
along the Danube and the Rhein with the arrival of the legion that two settle-

241

merits were established - 2 km. east of it, two canabae, close to the legion's
camp and a vicus, situated at about two kilometers east of it.

Allbuildings from the 2 - 3 rt ^ A.D. were probably reconstructed and rebuilt
during the 4th c.A.D. The construction in this period seems very intensive as
is suggested by its size of the buildings and the building technology.

Many building burnt layers from from the 3 rc * c. A.D.

In the examined buildings the coins found go till the Emperors Arcadius
(384 - 408), Honorius (393 - 423), as well as single coins of Justinian II an
Sofia (Sophia 565 - 578). The last coins show that even with a transformed
functions and size the buildings continued to exist up the times of the Slavs
and Avars and their invasions. We are aware of the transformed functions by
the appearances and construction technology, mostly evident in the big public
baths north of the camp. Over the old massive walls, clay-plastered stone walls
were raised and big premises were turned into a dwelling and storage rooms.

An important circumstance which should be noted, is that almost municipia
close to legions castra do not coincide territorially with the canabae, and do not
stem from them, but from the vicus, situated 1,2 - 2,5 km from the castrum.
There are no sufficient factors of an archeological and epigraphical character
at Durostorum to show any diversion from their almost universal practice. And
if this is the case, it can be accepted with a high probability that municipium
Aurelium Durostorum grew from the vicus two kilometers east of the camp of
the legion at the time of the reign of Marcus Aurelius.

However incomplete, the above observations allow some preliminary con-
clusions:

1. The territory of the camp and the canabae were occupied to Late
Antiquity, when during the 6th c A.D. the volumes of the buildings, their func-
tions and construction techniques went through complete changes. The master
plan was disturbed by the presence of a civilian population in the camp and
the emergence of production complexes over the ruins of Roman buildings in
canabae.

2. During the 4 tn c A.D. civilian buildings were highly representative. The
camp walls were maintained and a new fortress was built to the northwest on
the bank of the Danube. The function of this fort are not quite clear.

3. During the 4 m century A.D., and probably throughout the 6 m c A.D. a
military unit was stationed in the fortress to the northwest of the camp. This fort
has no clearly military functions as a numerous civilian population inhabits them.

4. As is evident from archeological material (pottery and iron-work) ethni-
cally the inhabitants of Durostorum changes after the 4 tn c A.D. The presence
of Goths has been established for certain, and the appearance of Slaves began
from the second half of the 6 tn century A.D.

242

Mope), u 3anagHo om nea - npoBimuufl Pogona (Rhodopa, Rhodope) c
uemrrbp Ehoc (Aenos, Ainos) (o6p. 1).

Taka GuBiuama npoBimmm ,EI,OAHa Mu3ua (Moesia Inferior) e pa3gpo6eHa
Ha 3 Macmu: Ha u3mok om Ckumim, no cpegama om Bmopa Mu3ua u
3anagHume u nacmu om Kpau6pe}kHa ,H,akiia (o6p. 2).

3anagHama apaHima Ha Bmopa Mu3ua e p. Ymyc, a Ha u3mok ce
npegnoAa2atue egHa nonmu npaBa auhuh B omcenkama JJypocmopyM u
,I] 1 uoHuconoAUc (Dio-
nysopolis, BaAMuk,
o6a. flo6puH). Ha-
nocAeg'bk ma3u npo-
BuHUuaAHa apaHuua
e kopu2upaHa u
gonijAHeHa B HHkou
cekmopu om koAe-
aama C. TopSamoB
(o6p. 3). Om ceBep
ki)M k>2 m» ce
cnycka om 6peaa
Ha flyHaB npu e3e-
pomo OAmuHa, Ha
MaAko noBene om
20 kM u3moHHO om
CuAucmpa, Bee no
meneHuemo Ha MaA-
kama Cyxa peka
go HetiHume inBopu
HegaAen om c. 143-
apeB, o6m. CyBo-
poBo. B mo3u
cekmop 3anagHume
nacmu npuHagAe-
iam kbM Bmopa
Mii3Ufl, a u3moq-
Hume - k-bM Cku-
miw. Kx>m Moesia
Secunda cnagam Al-
tinum (Camy Hoy),
Palmatae (c. Oho-

2yp), Adina (c. Ba- 06p. 1. UpoBunuiiume 6 guoue3a Tpakun, npegcmaBenu

Alik), Tilicum (c. kamo MAagu jkeuu (phkonuc om Okctpopg, no Mcmopun na
.IJpflHoBeii), Aquae BhAeapux 1979)

(?) (HukoAaeBka) Fig- 1- The provinces of diocese of Thrace, represented

u cm CAea moBa as y° un 8 women (MS from Oxford, after History of Bulgaria,

e noMecmeHO HepBeHO kaMt>He (py6uH) u BucyAka, 3aBT>puiBama c nepAa.
Pa3Mepu: meaAo - 2,41 ap, 24 kapama (6a. "PonomaMo", kaMeHeH capko4>aa
g-bA6ok 2 m, anpuA 1981 a.) (Ta6A. VI, o6p. 5).

2608 - o6eua, 3Aamo. MMa <|)opMa Ha ocMOcmeHHa npeceneHa nupaMuga,
saB'bpuiBama c tuupoka xaAkunka. IIpe3 cmeHa ce pegyBa ykpaca om npunoacHU
kankoBugHU u nogkoBoo6pa3HU opHaMeHmu. B ocHoBama UMa kpbaoBo
ge(J)opMupaHO ceneHue, o6koBaHO c uiHypoBugHa ykpaca. Pa3Mepu: BucOHUHa - 4,8
cm, guaMem-bp Ha Bipxa - 0,5 cm, guaMenrbp Ha ocHoBama 1 cm, meaAo - 2,5
ap, 24 kapama (6a. "PonomaMo", kaMeHeH capkcxj)aa, g , bA6ok 2 m, anpuA 1981 a.)
(Ta6A. VI, o6p. 6).

AMTEPATYPA:

TemoB 1970: A. TemoB. IIo2pe6aAHu o6unau u apoSHU cbopbikeHua y Tpakume
npe3 puMckama enoxa (I - IV B.) - ApxeoAoaua, 1970, JMs 1, 17 u ca.

JIuMumpoB 1961: J\, IT. fluMumpoB. CmuA u gama Ha cmeHonucume om
kbCHoaHmuHHama apoSHUua npu CuAucmpa. - ApxeoAoaua, 1961, Ns 1, 10 - 21.

OBnapoB 1977: fl. II. OBnapoB. Apxumekmypa u gekopau.ufl Ha
cmapoxpucmuHHckume 2po6Huu,u B Haiuume 3eMU. - ApxeoAoaiw, 1977, ,Ne 4, 20 - 30.

IIonoBa-Mopcn 1991: B. IIonoBa-Mopo3. CuAUcmpeHckama apo6HUua u
k-bCHokoHcmaHmuHoBama enoxa. - IlpoSAeMU u lokycmBo, 1991, JM° 1, 42 - 64.

Atanasov 2001: G. Atanasov. Das romische Wegengrab von Silistra (Bulgarien) -
Stein&Sinn, Burg&Mensch. Wien 2001, 130 - 136.

Donevski 1990: P. Donevski. Zur Topographie von Durostorum. - Germania 68,
1990, Jfe 1, 236 - 245.

Milosevic, Donevski 1999: G. Milosevic, P. Donevski. The Late Antique Tombs
at Silistra (Durostorum). - In: Der limes an der unteren Donau von Diokletian bis
Heraklios. Sofia 1999, 248 - 254.

AaAoBuh, JoBaHoBuh, 1980: A. AaAoBuh, C. JoBoHoBuh. PaomuHa, aHmunko
HaAa3uuime. - Starinar, 31, 1980, 81 - 85.

IlempoBuh, JoBaHoBuh 1997: IT. IlempoBuh, C. JoBaHoBuh. KyAmypHO SAaao
KubajkeBua. Beograd, 23, 1977.

Popovic, Donevski 1999: I. Popovic, P. Donevski. Gold and Silver Jewelry from
Durostorum Burials. Svishtov 1999.

NECROPOLISES OF DUROSTORUM

The establishment and location of the necropolises of Durostorum are
closely linked with the camp of the legio XI Claudia, its canabae and munici-
pium. Namely these components of a military and settlement structure, together
with the terrain determine the location of the necropolises throughout the 2 nc *
to the 6 tn c. A.D. They are situated west, south and east of the camp, respec-
tively the canabae and west and south of the vicus, with three exceptions so
far: the burial of a child in a sarcophagus and a Late Roman tomb on the

260

territory of the canabae, together with still a third one almost on the banks of
the river. The burial inventory includes the whole variety of Roman and local
traditions. Burials in the necropolises of Durostorum include brick graves and
slab-covered burials, sarcophaguses, burial pits and built tombs.

Burials in brick laid graves or in burial pits with burning of bodies and laying
the Deceased were found most often in a section of the necropolis southwest
of the camp, when work was underway for the construction of a Combine on
"Makarenko" street and "V. Kolarov" street. The inventory included a great
variety of bronze, silver and gold objects and ornaments. The coins from Trajan
to Marcus Aurelius date their use of the necropolis throughout the 2 nc * c. A.D.

Burials in sarcophagi found east and north of the fort of the legion are
dated by coins from the second half of 2 nd c. A.D.

The only built tomb found so far from the same period is on Romanian
territory between the canabae and the vicus.

An increase in the number of built tombs is observed from the second half
of the 3 rd c. on to the 6th c. They have been found to the southwest, south,
southeast of the camp.

The tombs in Silistra differ in their time of construction, in their plan and
construction scheme used. According to plan there are two types of tombs -
with one and two chambers. Nine are with one chamber, with a rectangular
plan, with a different orientation and semi-rounded vaults with a varied surface.
The smallest tomb has a surface of 4 - 5 sq. m., those with a medium size
about 9 sq. m., and the largest between 14 to 17,50 sq. m. The height up to the
vault varies between 1,80 to 2,30 m, although there also exists a height approx
4 m The walls of the tombs are of broken stone and the vault construction is
made of bricks of various sizes. The floors are made of bricks and plaster. The
tombs are of the hypogeum type dug in over 2 m. The entrance consists of
small openings, closed by thick stone slabs. On the interior they are plastered
over with a plaster mixed with broken bricks, which give it a reddish colour.
The traces of colours indicate that some of them were decorated. Tombs
were used for burials many times. Such tombs have from one to three burials
positions, but no traces have been found of sarcophaguses. Tombs from Late
antiquity with one chamber are most numerous and have been found in many
places in Bulgaria (Serdica, Pleven, Plovdiv, Hisaria, Sandanski, Bitritsa in the
vicinity of Sofia, Belogradets in the vicinity of Novi Pazar, Devnja, Varna and
elsewhere). Such tombs also exist in Viminacium, Margum, Ratiaria, Noviodu-
num as well as Tomi (Tomis), Serdica, Naissus, Sirmium.

Only one tomb, found to the south of the camp differ from this plan. It
too is a one-chamber plan, but with an unusual plan. This is expressed in its
octagonal shape, with an inscribed square with three burial niches on each
side of a cross. Deep rectangular niches were dug to lay the remains of the
deceased. According to the archeological circumstances burials could have been
done in stone sarcophaguses, nevertheless no traces of them have been found.
In this way at given times there was enough space for rites in the central

261

part. Its appearance and construction can be reconstructed on the basis of the
preserved parts. The cruciform shape of the interior premises was familiar and
used within the empire. This was the appearance of above ground of tombs-
mausoleums in Gala Placidia in Rome, with a dome, the tomb of St. Peter and
Marcelinus, in the via Labicana in Rome and the tomb of Cecenius, close to
Rome. Out of the dug-in tombs the closest analogy is the tomb at Kochagovo
in Thrace, which is also cruciform. The octagonal shape was also known and
applied: the mausoleum of Diocletian at Split, the octagon in Thesaloniki, the
octagon in Pula, and one in Spain (Las Vegas de Pueblanova). The hypogeum
of Varna (Odessus) is also an octagon with a dome with pendantives. The
interior of the tomb had five bases for burials and five niches above them.

Tombs with two chambers are rare and in fact represent a double variant
of the single chamber tombs. Most often they are referred to as tombs, divided
by a common wall. The tombs have two parallel vaults and two entrances, as
is the case of Ratiaria, Vidin Region, or that of Rgotini in Zajecar (Serbia)
and Ravna, in the vicinity of Knjazevac. The remaining differences are as with
single chamber tombs.

So far the octagonal tomb represents the only monumental tomb built on
the territory of the town necropolis of Durostorum. Most probably it could be
attributed to the early-Christian period and it is quite possible to have repre-
sented a mixture of a family mausoleum or martyrion. Immediately next the
above described tomb is a tomb found in 1942 whose architectural solution is
very simple contrary to the remarkable frescoes. The main idea of the murals
on the dome is to depict the heavens and the world beyond. The lower part
symbolizes a dwelling on earth and figural art and scenes, connected with the
life of the owners prevail. Two opinions have been given on the dating this
monument - before or afterthe Gothic invasions. We shall finish with examples
of the great variety of burial practices at Durostorum with an unusual burial
find in a lead sarcophagus and a chariot next to it, with rich ornamentation
of six busts of bronze and inlayed with platinum and gold. The horse-trappings
have a wealth of ornamentation of small gold plates. The burial inventory is
exceptionally rich - two swords in wooden sheaths, on encased in silver and
decorated with gilt silver plates with inlaid precious stones, together with a
golden fibula and a ring with a cameo. The wealth of the burial rite indicates
that the buried person enjoyed a high social status.

The burial sites in Silistra offer their modest contribution to the study of
burial practices and architecture, which appears in a similar manner in the
necropolises of Ratiaria, Serdica (Bulgaria), Viminacium, Margum, Sirmium
(Serbia), Noviodunum, Tomis (Romania), as well as separate finds in a number
of towns in the central part of the Balkans.

262

Pil linger 1988: R. Pillinger. Das Martyrium des Heiligen Dasius. Wien 1988.

Pipidi 1975: D. Pipidi. La fin du paganisme en Scythie Mineure. - In: Scytica
Minora. Bucarest 1975.

Popescu 1989: E. Popescu, Martirii si sfintu in Dobrogea. Studii teologice. XLI, 1989.

Popescu 1994: E. Popescu. Le christianisme en roumane jusqu'au VH" e siecle a la
lumiere de nouvelles recherches. - In: Christianites Daco-roman. Bucurest 1994.

Quien 1740: M. le Quien. Orients Cristianus, I. Parisiis 1740.

Ramureanu 1982: I. Ramureanu. Actele martirice. Studii introductiv, traducere,
note si comentarii. Bucuresti 1982.

Ramsgate 1991: B. de Ramsgate. Dix Milles Saints. Bruxelles 1991.

Schwartz 1987: A. Schwartz. Die Anfange der Christentum bei den Goten. -
Miscellanea Bulgarica, 5, 1987.

Stein 1959: E. Stein. Histoire du Bas-Empire. T. 1. De 1'Etat romain a l'Etat
byzantin (284 - 476). Paris 1959.

Sucevianu, Barnea 1991: A. Sucevianu, A. Barnea. La Dobroudja Romaine.
Bucarest 1991.

Tapcova-Zaimova 1997: V. Tapcova-Zaimova. Durostorum et l'hagiographie de la
haute epoque. - Miscellanea Bulgarica, 11. Wien 1997.

Wolfarm 1990: H. Wolfarm. Die Goten. Von den Anfangen bis zur Mitte des
sechsten jahrhunderts. Entwurf einer historischen Ethnographic Miinchen 1990.

Vulpe, Barnea 1968: R. Vulpe, I. Barnea. Din istoria Dobrogei. 2. Bucuresti
1968.

Zeiller 1918: J. Zeiller. Les origines chretiennes dans les provinces danubiennes
de l'Empire romain. Paris 1918.

Zeiller 1939: J. Zeiller. Quelques remarques sur la "vision" de Constantin. - Byzan-
tion, XIV, 1939, p. 329 - 339.

EARLY-CHRISTIAN MARTYRS FROM THE 4TH CENTURY

IN DUROSTORUM

The history of 12 martyrs from Durostorum is traced and examined. The
most popular and eminent is given first.

1. St. Dasius of Durostorum. A review is made of the numerous studies and
the abundant sources, especially the vita of the Martyr. The author is supposed
to have been a Greek from Asia Minor, who was no witness of the event, but
recalls it based on the reminiscences of his contemporaries towards the end of
the 4 tn century and compiled the history of the martyr. The author speaks of the
beheading of Dasius, the veteran of the IX Claudia legion, because of his refusal
to take part in pagan cult feasts. It is considered that early in the 4 tn century the
Roman Saturnalia in Durostorum were under the influence of the local Geto-
Thracian cult of Zalmozis and its practices. The attempts of the martyrdom of
St. Dasius to associate it with the town of Axiolpolis (present day Cerna voda),
about 50 km northeast of Durostrum is rejected. Attention is drawn to the fact
that according to the vita saint Dasius was questioned in the pretorium of the
legion, and no legion was stationed here at the end of the 3 rc * century and early
4"* century. In fact a slab from an altar table was found with the inscription in

295

one of the basilicas near Axiopolis running "DEDICATION (EY0PAUH) for
the martyrs Cyril, Kindeas and Tasius." This however does not prove the death of
Tasius/Dasius in Axiopolis as a martyr, but the circumstance that under the altar
table in the church pieces of relics of the three martyrs were placed in confesio,
similar to the those taken from the martyrion at Durostorum. Whether Dasius
and Tasius were different saints cannot be excluded. Among the positive proof
of the death of St. Dasius, the Martyr in Durostorum is his casket-with relics
with the Greek inscription "Here lies the Holy martyr Dasius, translated from
Dorolostolum" (Chap. XII, Fig. 6) on the lid.

2.3.4 St. Maximus, St. Dada and St. Quintilian. This group of martyrs is
known from comparatively late sources (the Synaxarion of the Constantinopolian
Patriarchate from the end of 8 m century and the Menologion of Basil II from
the ll m century), which were based on an earlier life, which has come down
to us. The sources note that they were slain in a settlement near Durostorum
(vicus), called Osobia, on the 28 tn of April. From the context it is clear that this
occurred in the reign of Maximinus Dasa (305 - 313), and in particular during the
persecutions of 307 when many presbyters suffered. In his sources St. Maximus
indeed is presented as a presbyter, while Dada and Quintilian as his friends and
disciples. It is clear from the text that after 313 a Martyrium was built over
the relics of the three saints, but later the site was abandoned. Probably this
occurred at the time of the great destruction of Durostorum at the end of the
4 tn c. and early in the 5 tn c. during the invasions of the Goths and the Huns.
Later in a supernatural manner the relics were found again and the martyrium
was restored. A brick martyrium with three arcosolium graves was found in the
ancient necropolis of Durostorum and was linked with this group of martyrs
(Chap. XII, Fig. 6). The relics were probably translated to Constanopole on the
eve of the conquest of Durostorum by the Avars and the Slavs in 579 and laid
in the church of the Holy Virgin in the Byglention quarter, restored after 532 by
a patrician lady Antonia, the wife of the general Belisarius.

5.6. St. Julius and St. Isichius We learn of the martyrdom of St. Julius in
Durostorum from the surviving vita, describing the time of the great persecution
against the Christians in 304. Julius, a veteran of the legion refused to make a
sacrifice to the pagan deities. This is why he was Iried and slain at the "usual
place" in Durostorum on the 27 tn of May probably in 304. The further details
are, that on the way to the scaffold St. Julius was hailed by other Christians,
one of them Isichius, begging him to greet St. Valentianian, beheaded earlier,
in the world beyond and declaring that he would follow in his death as a
martyr. In fact according to Hieronymus the Blessed St. Isichius was slain in
Durostorum on the 15 tn of July (probably 304).

7.8. St. Valentianian and St. Pasicrates. According to the vita of St. Julius
Valentinian went through the death of a martyr a short time time before him,
while according to the Synaxarion of the Constantinopolitan Patriarchate and the
Menologium of Basil II this was done on the 24 m of April (probably 304) and St.
Pasikrates was slain together with him. Both were legionnaires in the legion under

296

the command of Ausolius. Their wives also accompanied them in their martyrdom.
9.10.11. St. Marcian, St. Nicander, St. Kalinik

The martyrdom of St. Marcian and St. Nicander is known from many
sources, however the days are different.

Most probably, it is as given in the vita, was on the 27 m of June. Besides
with Durostorum they are associated with Tomi (Constanta), Alexandria, Athens,
Southern Italy. It is possible that it might be the case of other martyrs with the
same name or the translation of relics for example from Durostorum to nearby
Tomi. Hieronymus is the link between the martyrdom of St. Nicander with St.
Isichius. In the vita of St. Julius there is a link between Isichius, Valentinian and
Julius. This presupposes a common martyrdom history of St. Velentinan, St. Pasi-
krates, St. Julius, St. Isichius, St Markian (probably St. Kallinik should be included
here), who were all beheaded in succession between April 24 m and 28 tn July 304.

This was the peak of persecutions of Christians in the Empire, marked by
special visits of Emperor Diocletian in the spring of 304 to Durostorum.

12. St. Aemilianus of Durostorum. One of the most popular martyrs of Duros-
torum was burnt on the banks of the Danube on the 18 m of July 362 during
the reign of Julian the Apostate (361 - 363). There are numerous sources on St.
Aemilianus, including the two versions of the vita, known as Codex Parisiensis
and Codex Vaticanus. It is clear from the two codices that Aemilianus was a
Christian, coming from a local aristocratic family from Durostorum. At the time of
the inspection of the vicarage of the diocese, Aemilianus, sharply reacted to Julian's
attempts to restore the pagan shrines and with a hammer broke the idols in a
temple. As it was possible to have an innocent peasant being sentenced Aemilianus
handed himself to the authorities who sentenced him to death through burning.
He was burnt on the banks of the Danube at the outskirts of Durostorum. With
the assistance of the vicar Capitolinus the Christians were given the remains of
Aemilianus, which were buried in the Gedina locality (rnSiva), situated at 3 miles
- 4500 m (according to Codex Vaticanus) or Gesedina (re<;i5iva) (according to
Codex Parisiensis) respectively at 3 versti (450 m) from the town. The authenticity
of this event was confirmed about 380, twenty years after the martyrdom of St.
Aemilian by St. Ambrose of Milan, Bishop of Milan, and the Syrian calendar of
martyrs, compiled at the end of the 4 tn century. Also on the banks of the Danube
on the ruins of buildings from late antiquity in the mid 9th century, a bishop's
catherdral was built on the site where St. Aemilianus' pyre was. The supposition
has been expressed that the vita was compiled at the end of the 4 tn century,
based on real events, nevertheless there appears to be contaminations with the vita
of St. George of Capadocia, written at the same time. Instances are cited from
Antioch and other towns, where there were incidental persecutions of Christians,
who resisted the restoration of pagan temples. In conclusion it is considered that
the Gedina/Gesidina locality is in the necropolis of the ancient Duriostorum, which
in fact was at 4,500 m from the Danubian banks where St. Aemilianus was burnt
and about 450 m from the principia of the legion where the saint was questioned
and sentenced.

297

pAaBa gBanagecema
nAAEOXPMCTMHHCKM nAMETHMIJM OT IV - V BEK,
CBT>P3AHM C MT^EHMUMTE OT ^yPOCTOPYM

ABmopume, koumo omxBi>pAflm cBegemiflma 3a geucmBumeAHomo 6umue
u M-bMeHUHeckama CM-bpm Ha 12 paHHU xpucmujmu om ^ypocmopyM, ce
apayMeHmupam c Auncama Ha apxeoAoaunecku naMemHuuu om HanaAomo Ha
IV B. ca. Xp., UAiocmpupamu kyAma k^M max. HaucmuHa au e maka?

06p. I. Pucynka ua 3jiamen

npbcmen c kaMex om kpan ua HI

- Haucuomo ua IV 6. om ?po6 c

nocenenu xpucmuHHU 6 uekponoAa na

JlypocmopyM - Ciuiucmpa

Fig. 1. Drawing of a golden ring

with a cameo from the end of the J 7 ""

century - early 4 century from a burial

of slain Christians at the necropolis of

Durostorum - Silistra

TPOEbT C PAHHOXPMCTM-
HHCKMH OPbCTEH OT CMAMCTPA

LU,e 3anoHHa c egHO apxeoAoaunecko
omkpumue om 1988 a., koemo gaBa
noBog 3a pa3MUCAU B ma3u Hacoka. npu
cmpoumeAHU geiiHOcmu B ioaou3moHHama
nacm Ha CuAuempa, B apaHUimme Ha
aHmuHHua HekponoA (aA. XI, o6p. 3) u B
HenocpegcmBeHa 6AU30cm go gHeuiHama
6i>Aaapcko-pyM r bHcka apaHuua, ce nonagHa
Ha gT3A6oko BkonaHa B mepeHa HMa
c oBaAHa 4> P Ma - Ha g'bHomo ii ca
HaMepeHu aopeAU kocmu Ha HflkoAko
(cnopeg ynacmHuka B tokomiume paSomu
Cm. CmouneB nemupu) MoBeuiku
UHguBuga. Mejkgy max e omkpum
MacuBeH 3AameH npi>cmeH c kaMeH,
B^pxy koamo e u3o6pa3eHa komBa,
^AaHkupana om gBe pu6u. Tlog komBama
e HaHeceH Ha aptuku e3uk Hagnuebm
ZHGALQ uau ZHGALI (o6p. 1; Ta6A.
IX, 1). TbkMO ma3u Aio6onumHa u ueHHa
Haxogka cnocoScmBa 3a npeuu3upaHe
Ha gamupoBkama Ha MacoBun apo6 u
nogcka3Ba 3a cbGumuama, npu koumo e
HanpaBeH,

FlbpBo o6ane iue 3aocmpn
BHUMaHuemo B^pxy ceMaumukama u
nonyAJjpHocmma Ha komBama u pu6ume
8 pauHoxpucmuHHckama cuMBoAuka u
kyAmypa. Cnopeg anocmoA Ftem-bp
komBama o3HanaBa ikuBom B uapcmBomo
HeGecHo, m. e. >kuBom c Xpucmoc B

298

Nock. 1944: A. Nock. The Cult of Heroes. - Harvard Teological Review, 37, 1944,
141 - 174.

Pillinger 1988: R. Pilinger. Das Martyrium des Heiligen Dasius. Wien 1988.

RECA Real - Enczclopedie der christlichen Altertiimer, Bd. I, 1883.

Rossi 1966: C. D. de Rossi. La Roma sotterranea cristiana. I. Roma 1864 (rep.
Frankfurt am Main 1966, Vol. I, II, III).

Sartr 1988: A. Sartr. Architecture funeraire de la Syrie. - In: Archeologue et
histoire de la Syrie. II. Saarbrucken 1998.

Sodini 1999: J. -P. Sodini. L' architecture religieuse du IV" e au VH" e s. entre Orient
et Occident: convergance et speeificites. - In: Friihes Christentum zwischen Rom und
Konstantinopel. Congressus Internationalis XIV Archaeologiae Christianae. Resumees.
Wien 1999.

Sucevianu, Barnea 1991: A. Sucevianu, A. Barnea, La Dobroudja Romaine.
Bucarest 1991.

Tchalenco 1953: G. Tchalenco. Vilages antiques de la Syrie du Nord. Paris,1953.

Testini 1958: P.Testini. Archeologia cristiana. Roma 1958.

Vogue, Dutroit: M. Vogue, E. Dutroit. Syrie civile et religieuse de P e r & Vir e
siecle. II. Paris.

Vulpe, Barnea 1968: R. Vulpe, I. Barnea. Din istoria Dobrogei. 2. Bucuresti 1968.

Zovatto 1968: P. Zovatto. II mausoleo di Galla Placida. Architettura e decorazione.
Ravena 1968.

EARLY - CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS LINKED WITH THE
MARTYRS OF DUROSTORUM 4™-5™ CENTURIES

1. Early Christian Ring. The first monument connected with the early
-Christian past is a gold ring with a cameo and an engraved anchor flanked by
two fish, and below it the text ZHGALI. It was found in the southeastern part
of the necropolis of Durostorum in a burial pit of burnt and disturbed remains
of skeletons of 4 individuals (Fig. 1). The ring is dated towards the early 4 tn
c. and is considered to have belonged to one of the four killed and burnt early
Christians, whom suffered in the persecutions in Durostorum in the 4 m c. In
Early Christian symbolism the anchor (symbol of belief and hope) and fish
(a symbol of Christ himself, as the word 1X0 YE, the Greek for fish, early
Christians stood for the formula Inoxrue; Xpiaioc, @eol3 Yioq £a>xf|p (Jesus
Christ Son of God and Savour) cannot be doubted. The text ZHGEC is the
conjuctive form of the verb Zdco - "live" in the second person singular and
could be translated " shall live", "may you live", "live!". If to this restoration of
the text below the anchor we add the semantics of the fish and the anchor, in
conclusion the following interpretation may be offered: "Live with trust, belief
and hope in Christ, the Son of God and Savour".

2. The martyrium in Silistra. The martyrium in Silistra was situated in the
center of the ancient necropolis of Durostorum next to the famous tomb with
murals from the 4 tn c. (Fig. 2 - 4) It was built as a massive brick octagon
with exterior dimensions 7,70 by 7,60 m. Facing it and next to the entrance
around a square hall are three arcosolium graves about 2,10 x 0.90 x 1,80 m

315

where the caskets with the relics of the three martyrs were placed (Fig. 2). It
was already mentioned, that the octagon was a preferred construction plan of
martyria during the 4 tn c. both in the East (the Holy lands) and the West,
and even on the Balkans (Philipopolis, Serdica etc.) Examples are given of the
layout of graves of martyrs in the forms of arcosolia. The martyrium with the
three arcosolia in Durostorum is linked with the local martyrs St. St. St. Maxi-
mus, Dada, and Quintilian, who alone of the twelve martyrs of Dorostolum
were slain and buried together. The translation of the relics to Constantinople
in the 6 tn c. and their placing in the church of the Holy Virgin in the Biglen-
tion quarter is noted.

3. The urn-casket of St. Dasius of Dorostorum. Today the urn-casket of
St. Dasius of Dorostorum is kept in the Diocesiano Museum opposite the
catherdral in the town of Ancona. It was made of lime stone with the following
dimensions: 1.02 x 0.50 x 0,44 cm and the cover is placed over marble. Three
crosses are sculptured on it and a Greek text was engraved as well: Here lies
the Holy martyr Dasius of Durostrorum (Fig. 6). It appears during the second
half of the 5 tn or the early 6 m c. the relics of St. Dasius were taken from the
primary martyrion in Durostorum and kept in this urn, placed in some of the
churches of the town. As early as the 4th c. throughout the 5 tn and in particular
the 6 tn c. it was common practice to translate relics from the martyria on the
outskirts of towns to city basilicas. Moreover this form of urn-casket and in
particular the Greek inscription with the name Durostorum is dated towards
the 6 tn c. When the Slav and Avar invasions began towards the end of the 6th
c. and Durostorum was destroyed apparently the casket with the relics, similarly
to the relics of St. St. St. Maximus, Dada, and Quintilian was translated to
Constantinople or another major Byzantine centre. Most probably during the
Fourth Crusade in 1204 the relics were moved to Ancona. This is evidenced by
the fact that they are mentioned for the first time in the Ancona cathedral of
San Salvatore after the reconstruction of 1213 - 1214. According to documents
dated 1224 the casket with the relics of St. Dasius was placed in a large marble
sarcophagus together with the relics of local saints Pelegrinus, Martin, Flavian
etc. The urn with the relics of St. Dasius was registered as early as in docu-
ments from 1456, 1470, 1675, 1804. In 1948 it was translated in the church of
St Kiriakos where they are kept to this day.

316

DOROSTORUM AND THE DOROSTORUM BISHOPRIC
THROUGHOUT THE EARLY BYZANTINE PERIOD (END OF

THE 4'H-7™ CENTURY)

According to sources from the 4 m century most Balkan provinces and in
particular those to the north of Hemus only had one bishop, who resided in the
capital of the province. This was the situation in Moesia Secunda with a capital
Marcianopolis, where Durostorum was also located. Nevertheless Durostrorum
is the first town in the northern provinces, with the exception of their capitals,
to be granted a cathedra of a bishop as early as the 4 m century.

1. The establishment of the Bishopric of Durostorum. Mercurian-Auxentius
is the first bishop of Durostorum known is Mercurian-Auxentius. He was known
to have been a supporter and follower of the Bishop Wulfila, Apostle of the
Goths, settled with his Arians Goths in Northeast Bulgaria in the second half of
the 4 m century. Auxentius was appointed bishop of Durostorum before 380. This
became possible both on Wulfila's insistence and because of the circumstance
that circa 376 Domnitius was the metropolitan of the capital city of Marcianopoi-
lis. After Wulfila's death in 383, because of his pro-Arian stand Mercurian was
forced to emigrate in Mediolanum (Milan) where he enjoyed the protection of
the mother-empress Justina, mother of the young emperor Valentinian II. In
Milan he became bishop of the Arians, and adopted the name of the Arian
bishop of the town Auxentius, and the main opponent of St. Ambrose of Medio-
lanum.

2. The bishopric of Durostorum and bishops of Durostorum throughout the
5 m century. After driving out Mercurian-Auxentius, the bishops throne appears
to have remained, as according to Gelasius Cyzicus one of the decisions of
the Council of Nicea required, the Arian bishops to be replaced by Orthodox
bishops. However it was only at the Third Oecumenical Council at Ephesus in
431 that the register gives the names of a bishop of Durostorum. This is Jacob,
who in the first sessions supported the followers of Nestorius, and for that reason,
together with Julian of Serdica and Dorotheus of Marcianopolis was condemned
as a follower of the schism. In the decisions of the Fourth Oecumenical Council
at Chalcedon in 451 no bishop fro Durostorum was registered, however imme-
diately after the council in 458 Monophilos of Durostorum with other followers
from Moesia and Scythia signed a circular letter of Emperor I.eo I (457 - 474)
condemning monophysitism and supporting the decisions of the Council at Chal-
cedon.

3. The bishopric of Durostorum in the 6 m century. Long after the letter of
458 there are no sources on the activities of the bishopric of Durostorum. It was
only at the Fifth Oecumenical Council in Constantinople in 553 that the presence
of Bishop John of Durostorum was registered. The name of last bishop from

333

early Christian days of the town is Dulcissimus. Information about him comes
from an inscription from Odessos (Varna) which runs as follows: Here lies the
pious and humble Daniel. Here lies the pius Dulcismus, bishop of Durostorum,
deceased on the 27 tn of January, indiktion... (Fig. 6). Probably towards the end
of invasions of the Avars in the end of the 6 m century the Bishop of Durostorum
moved to Odessos, where he died and was buried in a grave with the relics
of bishop Daniel of Odessos who had died earlier. Registers of bishoprics are
another source on the cathedra of the bishopric at Durostorum throughout the
6th _ 7th century. The earliest register (the so called Pseudo Epiphanius register)
was created in the reign of Heraclius (610 - 641) however reflects the church
organization towards the second half of the reign of Justinian I the Great (527 -
565). These registers and the subsequent lists present Durostorum as one of the
bishoprics in the diocese of the metropolitan of capital town of Marcianopolis.
It appears that the town remained a seat of a bishop up to its conquest by
Khan Asparuh's Proto Bulgarians approximately in 861 as it was registered in
coin circulation up to the end of the 7 m century.

334

chretienne, I. Romme 1989, 657 - 709.

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Nazianzus Paris, Gr. 510. - DOP, 16, 1962, p. 218 sqq.

Pallas 1968: D. Pallas. Episcopion. - RLBK, 11, Stuttgart, col. 335.

Popescu 1994: E. Popescu. Les antiquites paleochretiennes d'Histria. - In: Chris-
tianites Daco-romana. Bucurest 1994. p. 317 sqq.

Rizzardi 1989: C. Rizzardi. Note sull'antico episcopio di Ravena. - Actes du Xl-e
Congres International d'archdologie chretienne, I. Roma 1989.

Ross 1962: M. Ross, Catalogue of the Byzantine and Early Mediaeval Antiquities
in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection. I. Washington 1962.

Ross 1965: M. Ross. Catalogue of the Byzantine and Early Mediaeval Antiquities
in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection. II. Washington 1965.

Simon 2005: G. Simon. Opafte greco-romane de bronz din Romania. Kluj-Napoka
2005.

Sodini 1989: J.-P. Sodini. Les groupes episcopaux de Turquie. (A l'exception de
la Cilicie). - Actes du XI" e Congres International d'archeologie chretienne, I. Roma
1989, p. 411 sqq.

Suceveanu, Barnea 1991: A. Suceveanu, A. Barnea. La Dobrudja romaine. Bucar-
est 1991.

Testini 1958: P. Testini. Archeologia cristiana. Roma 1958.

Suceveanu, Barnea 1991: A. Suceveanu, A. Barnea. La Dobrudja romaine. Bucar-
est 1991.

Torbatov 2000: S. Torbatov. Procop. De Aedif. IV, 7, 121314 and the Historical
Geographz of Moesia secunda. - Archaeologia Bulgarica, 2000, N° 3.

Vulpe, Barnea 1968: R. Vulpe, I. Barnea. Din istoria Dobrogei. II. Bucuresti 1968.

Wessel 1966: KL Wessel. Christusmonogram. - RLBK, I. Stuttgart, 1966, 1048 - 1049.

Wessel 1967/68: Kl. Wessel. Encolpion. - RLBK, Stuttgart, 11-17, 1967 - 1968,
157 - 159.

Wolfarm 1990: H. Wolfarm. Die Goten. Von den Anfangen bis zur Mitte des
sechsten jahrhunderts. Entwurf einer historischen Ethnographic Miinchen 1990.

Zacos, Veglery 1972: G. Zacos, A. Veglery. Byzantine Lead Seals. Vol. I. Basel 1972.

Zciller 1939: J. Zeiller. Quelques remarques sur la "vision" de Constantin. - Byzan-
tion, XIV, 1939, 329 - 339.

Zeillinger 1928: J. Zellinger. Bad und Bader in der Altchristlische kirche. Miinchen
1928.

EARLY CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS FROM DUROSTORUM
AND THE DUROSTORUM BISHOPRIC
(END OF THE 4 th - 7 th CENTURY)

Presented are stationary and mobile early Christian monuments from Silis-
tra and Durostorum bishopric whose diocese during the 4 m - 6 m century
appears to have coincided with the urban territory of Durostorum.

1. Churches. In 2004 - 2005 an early Christian basilica was excavated,
which was in the center of the town in Late Antiquity, approximately between

357

the camp of the Legion and the castellum on the Danube banks (Fig. 1 - 3).
The northern half was destroyed, but from what has survived we find, that it
was a three aisle single apse basilica with a narthex 27,80 m long and about
15 m wide, and a diameter of the apse 6,35 m. There appear to be traces
of an atrium. The aisles were divided by seven columns, on a stylobat wide
0,70 m and about 1,00 - 1,30 m deep. According to vertical stratigraphy and
the numerous coins the church was built after the Gothic invasions (traces of
a great fire from the second half of the 4th century were found below the
substructure) and with some repairs towards the end of the 4 m century and
with alterations in the plans it was used to the end of the 6 tn century. To
the north there was a second larger basilica, built later, but the remains are
almost destroyed by the foundations for construction work. Double basilicas
throughout the 4 m to 6 tn c. were common for seats of bishorics which gives
ground to suppose that this was the cathedral of the Durostorum bishop during
the Early Byzantine period.

A public building was built in the 4th c. on the ruins of a urban villa from
the 2 n " to the 4 th c. (Fig. 13, 14) about 80 m to the east of the basilica. The
plan (a central hall with an apse with two side premises, dimensions 17 m by
11.60 m), the proximity to the church and the close plans of bishops residences
at Stobi, Salona, Side and elsewhere should be noted. The supposition has been
expressed that this was the bishop's residence at Durostorum throughout the
4th to the 7 tn c. The small bath next to the residence is similar in plan and
dimensions to the bishop's bath at Novae.

Another basilica from Late Antiquity within the Durostorum bishopric has
been studied at Golesh, Silistra District and there is ground to suppose the
existence of churches at the castellum near Alfatar, Poprusinovo, Voinikovo
and Onogur. A large monastic community of churches and monastery, dated
from the 5 m to the 6th c. exists along the eastern border of the bishopric (run-
ning along the Suha river).

2. Church plate and appliances. A treasure of church plate of copper
and bronze vessels, censers, two liturgical lamps with a gryphon and a cross
(Fig. 15 - 18) fall here, on the handle of a small cauldron. The following
text t©(EO0EKO)C BOH0H CON TO AOAfll KANAIAIANQ (Holy Virgin,
help your slaves the Candidians) (Tabl. Ill, 14) appears on the handle of a
small cauldron. Probably this was church plate of the church of Durostorum,
presented by the citizens Christians from the near by Danubian fortress of
Candidiana. The collection plate and the chalice, as the most valuable plate,
were taken away by the priests and the remaining vessels hidden.

3. Crosses-enkolpions and ornaments. Early-Christian lead crosses with
chrysmoi and geometric signs and ornaments from the 5 tn and 6th c. were
found in Silistra, Vetren, Golesh and elsewhere around Silistra (Fig. 20, 21).
Special attention is shown to several rings with chrysmoi and monograms from
the 6th c. (Fig. 22 - 24).

358

MPAMK 10, 1905, 444 - 469.

Antonova, Kostromicev 2000: I. Antonova, D. Kostromicev. Lateinische Ziegels-
tempel aus Chersonesos. - In: Balaklava 2000, 213 - 218.

Aricescu 1980: A. Aricescu. The Army in Roman Dobrudja. - BAR, International
Series 86, Oxford 1980.

Benes 1978: J. Benes. Auxilia Romana in Moesia atque in Dacia. Praha 1978.

Culica 1970: V. Culica. Caramici {igle si olane cu stampila legiunii a XI Claudia
gasite in canabae Aeliae. - Pontica 1970, ,N° 3, 365 - 377.

Cilica 1978: V. Culica. Estampiles de la XI e legion Claudia de Durostorum. -
Dacia, N. S., 1978, 225 - 237.

Donevski 1987: P. Donevski. Scavi nelT area del campo dell' XI legione Claudia
a Durostorum. - In: Ratiariensia Vol. 3 - 4, Bologna 1987, 239 - 242.

Donevski 1990: P. Donevski. Zur Topographie von Durostorum. - Germania 68,
1990 JV° 1, 236 - 245.

Donevski 1991: P. Donevski. Durostorum, Municipium Aurelium und das Lager
der Legio XI Claudia. - In: XIV tn International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies.
University of Exeter, England 1991, 277 - 280.

Donevski 2004: P. Donevski. Some Notes about the Legionary Fortress at Duros-
torum (Lower Moesia). - Novensia 15, Warszawa 2004, 15 - 18.

Ivanov 1994: R. Ivanov. Ziegel-und Dachziegelstempel mit Bezeichnung der
Legion und der Garnison am unteren Donaulimes (Bulgarien). - In: Limes 5, Bologna
1994, 7 - 13.

Museteanu, Zahariade, Elefterescu 1979: C. Museteanu, M. Zahariade, D. Eleft-
erescu. Spre o tipologie a stampilelor legiunii XI Claudia in Moesia Inferior. - SMMIM
12, 1979, 164 - 169.

Ritterling 1925: E. Ritterling. Legio (XI Claudia). - RE, XII, Stuttgart 1925, 1690 -
1704.

Sarnowski 1985: T. Sarnowski. Die Legio I Italica und der unetere Donauab-
schnitt der Notitia Dignitatum. - Germania 63, 1985 Jte 1, 107 - 127.

Sarnowski 1988: T. Sarnowski. Wojsko rzymskoe w Mezji Dolney i na polnocnym
morza Czarnego. Warszawa 1988 (= Novaensia 3).

Zahariade 1988: M. Zahariade. Moesia Secunda, Scythia si Notitia Dignitatum.
Bucuresti 1988.

Zahariade 1999: M. Zahariade. How and when the legion of XI Claudia arrived
in Lower Moesia. - In: Roman Frontier Studies, XVII, 1997. Zalau 1999, 599 - 607.

Zahariade, Gudea 1997: M. Zahariade, N. Gudea. The Fortifications of Lower
Moesia (A. D. 86 - 275). Amsterdam 1997.

Zahariade, Dvorski 1997: M. Zahariade, T. Dvorski. The Lower Moesian Army
in Northern Walahia (A. D. 101 - 118). Bucharest 1997.

377

CONSTRUCTION CERAMICS WITH SEALS FROM DUROS-

TORUM

During its stay in Illyricum and Germania Superior the seals of legio XI
Claudia on building ceramics were of one type; LEG XI C P F = LEG(ionis)
C(laudiae) p(iae) f(idelis), i. e. made by the XI legion Claudia, pius, loyal (the
reading is best in the genitive). Moving from Germania Superior and Pannonia
to Moesia Inferior the units of the legion used the same stamps (LEGXICPF).
The first base camp in the new province was Oescus at the present day village
of Gigen. The abbreviations are the same, but the delineation of the letters and
the frames in the construction ceramics is not identical. According to delinea-
tions there is similarity between the seals of the earlier castellums Windisch,
Rottweil, Kloten and Huffingen in Germania Superior with those of Oescus
and those the first years after the establishment of the legion at Durostorum.
The seals from the castra at Brigetio on the other hand resemble more those
from the several bricks found at Novae at Svishtov. Others are similar to seals
of Huffingen and Sexaginta Prista (the town of Rousse). When the Italian
archeologistAntonio Frova read the report on the excavations at Ulpia Oescus
he noticed the abbreviation LEGXICPF on a photograph of a brick in tabula
ansata and between the third and fourth letter there was a small triangle divid-
ing them. It should be noted that that the six specimens found by Frova are
similar to several bricks of the castra of the legion at Novae (HBatioB 2002, 23
- 24). At Durostorum we find a great variety of types of seals, owing to the
long presence of the legion at the site. According to the typology of Museteanu,
Zahariade, Elefterescu 1979, 164 sqq. generally the following type are differenti-
ated: Type A - LEG XI CPF = LEG(ionis) C(laudiae) p(iae) f(idelis). These
seals are early and appear in Germania Superior and Pannonia Superior. They
belong to the second half of the reign of Trajan (98 - 117) and the early reign
of Hadrian (117 - 138); Type B - LEGXICLPF = LEG(ionis) XI Cl(audiae)
p(iae) f(idelis). They came into great use during the second quarter of the
second century and the middle of the same century (most probably the end of
the reign of Antoninus Pius - (138 - 161); Type C - LEGXICL = LEG(ionis)
XI Cl(audiae). The second half of the second century (Marcus Aurelius -
161-180), gradually substituting the preceding one, up to the second half of the
third century; Type D - LEGIONISXICL = Legionis XI Cl(audiae). For a
short time within the chronological perimeter of type C; Type E - LEGXICL/
FIGKAS = Leg(ionis) XI Cl(audiae) (first line) fig(lina) kas(trorum) (second
line). Similar to the preceeding type; Type F - LEGXICLFTRAM = Leg(ionis)
XI Cl(audiae) f(iglinae) Tra(ns)m(ariscae). Dated approx. towards the second
half of the 3 rd - early 4 th century; Type G - LEGXICLFCAND = Leg(ionis)
XI Cl(audiae) f(iglinae) Cand(idianae). Dating as in the preceding type (seals
with the marking of the garrison are attributed at the earliest in the first years

378

of the 4th century. Type H - LEXICL = Le(gionis) XI CL(audiae). Besides in
Durostorum such seals occur in the northwest Black Sea Coast in Charax and
are attributed to the second half of the 2 n ^ century - the first quarter of the
3 f d century, even to the mid 3 r ^ century) (OuAunetiko 1998, 110 et seq.; 2000,
97 - 98; Antonova, Kostromicev, 2000, 213 - 214; on more on Chersonesus -
Sarnowski 1988A; 3y6apb, CoponaH 1998, 118, seq.); Type I - LEGXICLAV.
In the last three letters there is a ligature; in fact it stands for LEGXICLANT
= Leg(ionis) XI Cl(audiae) Ant(oninianae). Date: Septimus Severus Caracalla.
We believe it more correct to date it between 211 - 222; Type J - LEGXIC
Leg(ionis) XI Cl(audiae). According to Romanian colleagues these seals recall
seals from a twin legion - legio XIII, found at Mehadia, Brobeta, Sucidava
- LEGXIIIG, LXIIIG, LEXIIIG, which are interpreted as Leg(ionis) XIII
G(eminae), L(egionis) XIII(Geminae), Le(gionis) XIII. If the analogy is cor-
rect, their dating should be attributed to the end of the 3 r ^ century; Type K -
LEGXI = Leg(ionis) XI; Type L LEXI = Le(gionis) XI; The last two types
are more difficult in their identification. At Chersonesus on the Black Sea (the
Ukraine) they are dated in a broad range between the second half of the 2 nc *
century and the first half of the 3™ (Antonova, Antonova, Kostromicev 2000,
213 - 214). At Balacklava seals have been found with the text VEXLEXI, where
the abbreviation VE stands for vexillatio. Among the earlier seals are those
without the letter L - LEGXICPF, placed in a tabula ansata or in an ordinary
rectangular frame. At the same time, together with them several seals of the
legio I Italic (LEGIITAL) with the A with no horizontal line and the legio
V Macedonia, which occur both in Oescus and in Troesmis. Smaller, later
seals appear such as those of the LEGXICL type. At this site other seals are
found whose reading remains unclear - ISC, IVIOT(?) BCVI, K(kastra?), CIM
(Cohors I Mattiacorum? Or maybe a private producer).

379

IlpiLioAenue 2

Kl>CHOAHTMqHATA rPOEHMUA B iJYPOCTOPyM
CMAMCTPA M HEMHMflT rOCIIOMP

Fig.

06p. 1. llAaH u pa3pe3 Ha
apodHULtama
1. Plan and cross-section of the
tomb

CiiAucmpeHckama apoSmiua e cpeg
Hau-U3BecmHume, Hau-npoynBaHume u
Hau-guckymupaHume naMemmiuu Ha
kT>CHoaHmuHHomo U3kycm6o B E^Aaapim
u Ha BaAkaHume (fluMumpoB, ^unukoBa
1986; Frova 1954; Bianchi-BandineUi
1955; Schneider 1983; rionoBa-Mopos
1991, 42 - 50; Pillinger, Popova, Zim-
mermann 1999, 22 - 28; AmaHacoB 2005,
9 - 18; Atanasov 2005, 1 - 32).

Omkpuma e CAyHauHo npea 1942 a.

B lo&Hume nokpaumiHU Ha CuAucmpa

- maM k^gemo ce pa3BuBa aHmuHHUHm

HekponoA Ha flypocmopyM - eguH

om Hau-3Ha4umeAHume puMcku apagoBe

Ha ^oahuh AywaB npe3 II - VI B.

(Donevski 1990, S. 244). Ilpu6AU3umeAHO

B ueHmpaAHama nacm Ha apagckua

HekponoA, Ha 500 m kdjIoio om ykpeneHiw

Aaaep Ha AeauoHa, e omkpuma puMckama

apoSmma etc cmeHonucume (Milosevic,

Donevski 1999, 245 - 258). ABho moBa

e 30Hama, B koamo ca noapeSBami

BugHume apa&gaHU Ha apaga, 3amomo

caMO Ha okoAO 60 m 3anagH0 om

apo6HUU,ama e pa3kpumo noapeGeHue Ha

BucokonocmaBeH MecmeH Maaucmpam

c koAecHuu,a u BeAukoAenHU gapoBe u

op^ufl om kpaa Ha III 8. (Atanasov

2001, 130 - 135). Ha okoAO 100 m B K»kHa

nocoka n^k e npoyneH BHyuiumeAeH

paHHoxpucmuancku myxAeH MaB30Aeii

- MapmupuyM, k^gemo ca noAO&eHii

Moumme Ha mpuMa cBemuu-M'bHeHuuu

380

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spatantiken Bildersprache. Wiesbaden 1983.

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- 58.

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Twining 1967: L. Twining. European Regalia. London 1967.

Valeva 1979/80: J. Valeva. Sur certaines particularites des hipogees paleochretiCns
des terres thraces et leurs analogues en Asie Mineure. - Anatolica, VII, 1979 - 1980,
p. 127 sqq.

Vogt 1939: A. Vogt. Constantin VII Porphyrogenete. Le livre de ceremonies. Paris,
Vol. II, 1939.

Welmann 1894: M. Welmann. Flavius Aetios. - RE, I. Stutgart, 1894, 701 - 703.

Wessel, Piltz, Nicolescu 1973: Kl. Wessel, E. Piltz, C. Nicolescu, Insignien. -
RLBK, 111-19. Stuttgar 1973, col. 370 sqq.

Wilpert 1902: J. Wilpert. Die Malereien der Katakomben. Bd. I, Berlin 1902.

Wolfarm 1990: H. Wolfarm. Die Goten. Von den Anfangen bis zur Mitte des
sechsten jahrhunderts, Entwurf einer historischen Ethnographie. Miinchen 1990.

397

•

THE TOMB AT DUROSTORUM- SILISTRA AND ITS OWNER

The Tomb at Silistra is on the one hand among the best known and stud-
ied monuments of Late Antiquity, on the other hand it remains among those
monuments that cause the greatest amount of discussions on monuments of
Late Antiquity in the Bulgarian lands. Contrary to the prevailing dating from
the end of the 4 m century (the reign Emperor Theodosius I 375 - 395), here
the author assumes the tomb was built and decorated towards the mid- 4th
century (under the reign of the successors of Constantine I (306 - 337) for the
needs of a pagan aristocrat, decorated by an artist coming from the Eastern
provinces of the Empire (Syria, Egypt).

The author considers that the master, drawn on a the central piece, was
is a senior magistrate from Durostorum with a high title, probably a patrician
and a military commander. The robes he is wearing (which coincide with the
robes of the patricians, described by John Liddus, Constantine Prophyrogenetus
and images of the 4 m to the 7 tn c.) and in particular the codicil he is holding
all point in this direction. Patricians and other senior magistrates were given
charters-codicilia by the Emperor himself in the palace in Constantinople.

The very procession of the servants is seen as a demonstration of the ele-
ments of the investiture, presented according to the order of dressing after the
ritual washing and sprinkling with perfume. The supposition is made that the
image of the mistress was added later in the course of decoration, as well as,
that the youth depicted on the ceiling in a hunt, represents the master as a
young man in his motherland, surrounded by plants and animals, characteristic
for the provinces of Syria and Egypt.

398

100 m

-I

06p. 2. PucyHKa Ha pa36umama cmeHHa geKopauua (apafawa
peKOHcmpywun no V. MuAOLueBun)
Fig. 2, Drawing of the wall decorations
(Reconstruction by G. Milosevic)

Heao, mi>u kamo cbiuecmByBa onaceHue om Bceo6iu 6yHm. He CAeg gbAso, npe3
CAegBaiuama 455 a., gBaMa Mbjke om cBumama My oiriMbiuaBam 3a Heao. Te
npo6ojkgam CMbpmoHocHO BaAeHmuHuaH III no BpeMe Ha BoeHHU MaHe8pu,
koaamo UHcnekmupa HakakBa nacm.

nOCAEAHMm 1 BEAMK PMMA^HMH

HacAegHuk c maAaHma Ha ®AaBuu Aeuuii maka u He ce HaMupa u 3amoBa
cbBpeMeHHUUume My c ocHoBamie ao Hapunam "nocAegnim puauhhuh". He
CAeg qbAzo npeg BenHua apag ce noaBaBam cmpaxoBumume BaHgaAcku opgu,
BogeHU om reuH3epux. Pum e 6e3noMouteH. BeHHuam apag e oapa6eH u
yHmkeH - gourbA e kpaam Ha aHmuHHama uu8uAU3au.ua B 3anagHa EBpona.

^TopgaHec nuuie, ne Aeuuii cakaui e pogeH ga cnacu BeAukama PuMcka
uMnepua. M HaucmuHa, B npog^Ajkemie Ha nemB'bpm Bek moii omcmoaBa Ha
HenpekijCHamume BapBapcku Ha6e3u u Hauaca nopa&eHua Ha npomuBHUuume.
nampuuuam Aeuuii, pogoM om gaAeHHua ,H,ypocmopyM, e eguHcBeHuam
HoBek, cnpaA AmuAa B apaHguo3Hama 6umka npu KamaAyHckume noAema
B TaAua. A PuMckama UMnepua mp-baBa kijM HanaAomo Ha kpaa cu. ToBa
cakaui ceaa 3By4U AoaunHo, kakmo nuuie KeHem KAapk, 3aiuomo "PuMckama
u,uBuAa3UK pyxHcwa, nouejke ce u3uepnaAa HantAHo".

AMTEPATYPA:

Altcheim 1951: F. Altcheim. Attila und die Hunnen. 1951.

EnOlin: W. Enfllin. Aetius. - RE, XX, Stuttgart, 1925 - 1927.

Grosse 1920: R. Grosse. Romische Mititargeschichte von Gallienus bis zum
Beginn der Byzantinischen Themenverfassung. Berlin 1920.

Jones 1964: A. H. M. Jones. The Later Roman Empire 284 - 602 (Oxford Press).
Cambridge 1964.

Lippold 1979: A. Lippold. Aetius. - Der Kleine Pauly, Bd. I, Miinchen 1979, 105
- 106.

Mommsen 1901: Th. Mommsen. Aetius. - Hermes 36, Berlin 1901, 516 - 547 (=
Gesammelte Schriften, Bd. IV, 531 - 560).

Mommsen 1903: Th. Mommsen. Stilicho und Alarich. - Hermes 38, Berlin
1903.

Oost 1968: S. I. Oost. Galla Placidia Augusta. Chicago 1968.

Seeck 1894: O. Seeck. Aetius. - RE, I, Stuttgart 1894, 701 - 703.

Thompson 1948: E. A. Thompson. Attila and the Huns. 1948.

FLAYTUS AETIUS

Flavius Aetius was the last great Roman, according to many a writer
from late antiquity and contemporary historians. He was born in 390 A.D. at
Durostorum (Silistra). His father Gaudentius was probably of Gothic origins
(after the mid 4 m century, when Goths foederati settled here there were many
of them), and his mother from a Roman family. His father made a remarkable

406

military career under Teodosius I, Arcadius, Honorius and Teodosius II. At the
early 5 tn century Gaudentius was an magister equitum in Rome. He married
the young Flavius Aetius to the daughter of the Roman commander Carpilio.
They had a daughter who in 451 became Empress. The young Aetius was sent
a political hostage on two occasions, once at the court of Alarich, ruler of
the Goths and afterwards at the Huns - at the camp Rigula. Thus he became
acquainted with the way of life, the psychology and military tactics of these
large tribal communities. After 410 the young Aetius was back in Rome. Stiliho,
the protector of Rome, was killed by Emperor Honorius. Flavius Aetius made
a remarkable military and civilian career throughout the 20s and 30s of the 5 tJl
century (a defeat of the Goths at Aquilea; a close associate of Constantius
- Commander of the forces of the Western Empire; the liberation of the
Empress Placidia from Gothic capture; rendering decisive support to Joannes
when he was to be proclaimed Emperor; participation in the conflict with the
Eastern Roman Empire, which was an ally with the Goths and the Western
Roman Empire, in an Alliance with the Huns; commander of the forces of
the alliance). After 425 Flavius Aetius defended the northern limes of the
Western Empire. In 429 he defeated the Goths and the Franks, and in the
subsequent years - the German tribes Jutunges and Norikes For his services
he became Consul of the Empire on three occasions (432, 437, 446). Aetius
became a Roman patrician and was responsible for foreign affairs of the
Empire. Intrigues in Rome continued and Placdia, the wife of the underage
Emperor Valentinian III controlled the situation. She made a stand against
Aetius, by supporting the Comes Bonifacius, which led to a military conflict
between them. Aetius mortally wounded his opponent. Placidia sent Sebastinus,
another commander against Aetius, who was forced to flee to the Huns. With
their assistance he returned to Rome and afterwards defeated the Burgundians
and the Goths.

However in 451 the Goths invaded Gaul and the political situation forced
Aetius to sign a peace with his enemy Theodoric, King of the Westgoths. At
the Catalaunian field the two armies the world has ever seen met. On one side
was the terrible Attila, commander of Huns, Ostgoths, Burgundians, Franks,
Herules, Gepids and Proto-Bulgarians (altogether 300,000 strong), opposing
him Aetius with 200,000 men, Roman legions, Westgoths, Alans. 165,000 men
fell In the battle from both sides. Aetius won, Attila was beaten for the first-
time and Christian civilization was saved. In the autumn of 451 Flavius Aetius
returned in triumph to Rome. Three years later, during an audience with Val-
entinian, Aetius was unexpected stabbed by him. Only several years after his
death the Eternal city was burnt down by the vandals. Aetius was no longer
there and no one could save ancient West European civilization.

407

MCTOPMfl HA CMAMCTPA,

m. I. AHTmHMHT flyPOCTOPYM
nbpBo lugauue, Cwiucmpa - CoipuH, 2006 e.

ABmopu: npo<J>. g. u. h. PyiweH MBauoB,
gon. g-p Teopau AmaiiacoB,
Tlemu JJoiieBcku

ObcmaBumeA: gou,. g-p reopeu AmanacoB

Pegakmop: npo<p. g. u, n. PyMen MBauoB

CmuAoB pegakmop: Pauua KoHcmaHmuHoBa-TIemkoda

ripeBogan: Bucua AmanacoB

Xygo&Huk Ha kopuu,ama: Teopzu MBauoB

npegnenam: HEP AM

nenam: "KOBAMEB" (CuAucmpa)

ISBN 10: 954-9388-07-7
ISBN 13: 978-954-9388-07-7

Tupaik: 1000

OopMam: 1/16 om 70 x 100

IleHamHU koAu: 26,5

fA.»nMUA

frjap0C*r,

. % 1"0

un-

iwwhiiwiiji'aiMi^irt

X*v

»t».U*rv*" .

ajevapo^

ftftam*nopoh», jen.

fyirone

~^C~ — — — ~-

fabihft'

o 6 It

DUROSTORUM fDUROSTERO) bt»b cfrpanvieHT

ot TABULA PEUTINGERfANA

DUROSTORUM (DUROSTERO) in a section of TABULA

PEU 'MAN A

%§a

jlynaea npH CwnwcTpa
The Danube at Silistra

'TABJ1M14A II

4Sl , '

.„*.«*

^".-•w

> '

;

"jLi

■gk

■

4:;;, 1

■SEi^i—

. r •■

■

mSm

Pmuckm KanirrenM ot AypocTOpyM

MA ill

j 1 ^ '■ ■ ■■.■

HaxoAKW or ih h i Ha rpaflciiiifi myien b Cwnwc'ipa:
1. KaMeHHO j'OA«Me

3. 06poMHa nnoHKa na Mtnrpa

4. KaBanepMMCKM napa^ew tiifieivi

Exhibits from the collections of the City museum, Silistra:

1. Small stone figure of a Hon

2. Small figure of an eaqle

3. Votive tablet- of Mitra

4. Cavalryman's helmet from Vetren on the Ountilse ' ■ ■ '

rABJfMLIA IV

KepaMMica ot AypocropyM (ApxeojioremecKu wysew CMiwcipa)
Pottery from Dutostorum Archeoloqica! Museum, Silisuo

, V

<*§?v

/^iWSSlSfc

fpo6n.w HaxoflKM ox HeKponona «a AypocTopyM

Burial inventory from trie necropolises of Durostorum

TAl \ VI

«*'

^&B

fpo&HM HstxoflKw or HeKponona Ha.flypoctopyM' .

Bin sal inventory from the necropolises of Durostorum

**»»-.

rpoSKM HaxoAKM ot Hexponona ho flypof,' 3pyw
,-' .irial inventory from the necropolises of Durostorum

TA< : v|'' !

:■: ;-:

fpo6HH HaxoflKw ot HBKponona Ha-flypocxopyM

Bunal inventory from the necropolises of Durostorum

FABffWA IX

.. •■■■•

1. 3naTeH np?»CTeH c
Kawtesi ot Kpa« wa 111
- HanajiOTO Ha IV b.

1. Golden ring with

la*

cameo- from the end
of the 3rd » 4th cen-
tury

2-4 PaHHOXpW HCKM UplaCTeHM OT

AypocTopyM {V - mnanom «a VI b.)

2-4. Early Christian rings from Durostorum
(5th -6th century)

5. PaHHOXpMCTMHHCKM flplaCTOH OT

TerynuuittyM (BerpeH)

5. Early Christian rings from Teguliciuin
(present clay Vetren) (5th-6th century)

6. riocuHaHeTo Ha cb. fla3nw flopocTOUCKM cnopefl MMHuaTiopa
MeHonomn Ha BacniiMti II ot HanajioTo Ha XI b.

'6. The beheading of St. Dasiys according to a miniature in the
Menotogium of Emperor Basil 11 from the beginning of the 11th
century

,ABHHi4A X

-f

SjM

7-12. ApxMTeiaypHM .p,ejamnm or paHHOxpucTMfiHCKaTa
apxuTeirrypa

7-12. Architectural details from the early Christian basilica at
Durostorum

TV XI

13. BpOHSOBM CSeU|HML|M OT

ciaKpoBiiine c u>p§coBHa yToap
ot flypocropyM (V-VI b.)

13. Bronze candlesticks from a
hoard of church plate from
Durostorum (5th-6th century)

14. KoTjie c nocseTwieiieH
peniirMoneH xeKCT ot
cT»KpoBnme c ifbpKGBHfi yrsap

ot flypociopyM (V-VI B.)

14. Cauldron with dedicatory

inscription form a hoard with

church plate from Durostorum
(5th-6th century)

■■-

■'' ^*3lw* !'

<te,-.-'-~i-

■I arffri

15. fieopeyisT na flopocTOJtCKMnre enwciconH ot Kpas* Ha IV-VI b.

15, Trie Palace of the Bishops of Dorostol from tlie end of the 4th-
6th century

TA6I1MUA Xil

*4 w

-,4** f iffcr »"'w!fc'"-' * ^gj Vtt,-

16. Cfcanew MaHacTup ot V-VI b. no p. Cyxa ao c. fonetii
{KTsCHOaHTMHHa KpenocT „Cb. Kiipuji"}

16. Rock monasteries from the 5th - 6th century along the Sofia liver
up to the village of Goiets (the „St Cyril" fortress from Late antiquity)

17. CK3J16H wanacTOp ot V~Vi b, no p. Cyxa ao c. BanwK (icbCHoaHTim-
Ha KpenocT AftiiHa)

17. Rock monastery from the 5th-6th century' along the Suha river to
the village of Balik (the Late Antiquity fortress of Adina)

TABflMMAXifi

rav^wwswiwflw^

1. HH?@pH0p na rpo6HHi4a?a - 3ana«Ha nonoewiia

1. Interior of the tomb - 'western half

2. rbcnoflap-GKa abomkst 3, tlpt-tcjiyMttwifa c KyTww 6naroBOHM»

2. Tiie master and the .mistress 3, A slave with a box of fragrances

TA5HM14A XIV

4. PitcyHfca Ha CTewonwcHT® nySnwKf eaiia ot A. cppoBa npea 1943 r.

4. A drawing of the wall paintings, published bay A, Frova in 1943

5, npMCJiy)KHMK C nilHTailOHW

5., A sevant with trousers

6. llpMC/iyJKHMK c tyHMKa

6. '.A .sevant with a tunic
paragiidiiiitT''.'

TABJiWLfA XV

7. f1pMCJiy)KHMK C X/iaM i

7. Servant with chfamys

8. npncny)KHHK c Konan •
tieHrynywi

8. Servant vith belt - cengu>
lum

■■*"

IjJHIf**-

i jijRjjj

•""f*

|HHK :$'*" 1

MHTepMOp H3 rp<)6HML|aT3 • M3TOMHaTa riOJIOBMHa

Interior of the tomb - eastern half

TA5JWI4A XVI

10. flayHwre Bfepxy aanaAHMft mouer
10. Peacocks on the western lounette

11.. CTeHonwcMTe BT»pxy TaeaHa Ha
rpo6HMMara

11. Wall paintings over the ceiling of
the tomb

12, CreHoriMCM B-bpxy Ta-

eana - jiob Ha neonapfl,
<J>nopa v\ 4>ayHa

12. Wall paintings on the
ceilings - the details with
the young hunter, the leop-
ard, the palm-tree, and the
bird

To3M tom ce M3flaBa OT
06m,HHa CunncTpa no
peiueHne Ha 06ihhhckm ctBeT
CmwcTpa b necT Ha 1900
roflMLUHMHaTa Ha flypocropyM -
flp-bCT-bp - CunncTpa

This volume is published by
the Municipality of Silistra on
the occasion of the 1900th
anniversary of Durostorum -
Drastar - Silistra

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