Missouri Botanical Garden bulletin.

MlissourRI BOTANICAL...
GARDEN [BULLETIN

VOLUME VI
WITH 24 PLATES

1918

ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI
PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE:
ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR SINGLE NUMBERS TEN CENTS

MissouR! BOTANICAL
GARDEN LIBRARY

Missouri BoTaNicaL —
_ GARDEN BULLETIN -

Vol. VI JANUARY, 1918 No. 15%

PRES: -CONTENTS
: ‘Report of the Officers of the Board - le - et ee

Aes Twenty-ninth Annual Report of the Director sai ty be Say
__ Statistical Information for December, 1917 - - - 17

ST. LOUIS, MO.
neh B9IG . : rae
_. PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES oop

cere teas SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: _ A oe Me ts
- ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR ~ -_~ SINGLE NUMBERS TEN CENTS —

_ BOARD OF TRUSTEES
OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN |

THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL,
AND THE BOARD SO -CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF
\THE EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING.

‘President, ;
EDWARDS WHITAKER,
ig
Vice-President, . ze
DAVID S. H. Sur. i
Rpwann C. Exsor. Ba fe LEONARD MATTHEWS.
GEORGE 'C. Firescock. pe had ne oa H. H. Perrus,
P. CuourEay Ks bi ees Pg Pinup C. ScANEAW: . cA a eae SAEED de
Epwarp ‘Matiwtezobn oe a ‘Tome Sutneee: ie
EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS
oe Henry W. Kiet, 3
. President of The Academy of Science of Mayor of the City of St. Louis. 5 ae
St. Louis,’ : ! eal i a os
Freperic A. HAL, ~~) Ricuarp Murpsy, peer ane
".. Chaneellor of Washington University. President of the Board of Education of aie
; Ack GR St. Louis. : ee
Daniet S: TuTrie, : hae Oe
Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri. ; ea

; RoLanp Ww. Swirzer, Secretary. |

hee

Missouri Botanical
Garden Bulletin

Vol. VI St. Louis, Mo., January, 1918 No. 1

REPORT OF THE OFFICERS OF THE BOARD

To the Board of Trustees of the Missouri Botanical Garden:

We submit for your consideration a statement of the
financial transactions for the year ending December 31, 1917.

The results during the year have been satisfactory, the
vacancies amounting to only $1,845.25, and the income
from rentals, royalties, and interest exceeding that of 1916
by $8,192.23. At the present time we have only two vacant
buildings, the total rentals of which were $1,320.00 per year.

A one-story brick addition was erected in the rear of the
stores, Nos. 816-18 North Grand Avenue, at a cost of
$1,848.82, increasing the rental $420.00 per annum. Dur-
ing the year a new building was erected ‘at the southeast
corner of Seventh Street and Washington Avenue, at a cost
to the lessee of $75,000.00, and the lease extended for a
term of ten years from March, 1929.

The tract of land west of Tower Grove Avenue, known as
Shaw’s Vandeventer Avenue Addition, has been improved,
with the exception of that portion west of Newstead Avenue,
which contains about 2,100 front feet. This improvement
will embrace the making of Alfred Avenue, a street about
450 feet long and 50 feet wide, a sewer system for blocks 4
and 5, and some 435 feet of sidewalk on the south side of
Lafayette Avenue, the total cost approximating $7,000.00.

Sales of residence property during the year were as
follows:

Lafayette Avenue Addition . ‘ 1,220 front feet . $40,010 00
Arsenal Street Addition . ; : 105 front feet. 4,065 00
Vandeventer Avenue Addition : 1,152 front feet . 36,000 00

$80,075 00

A new residence was erected at the Garden for the use of
‘the engineer, at a cost of $4,087.03, and general improve-
ments were made in the Garden, costing $13,759.62.

(1)

‘. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Three of the bequests provided for in Mr. Shaw’s will
have been carried out—the annual Flower Sermon, the
appropriation for the St. Louis Flower Show, and the Gar-
deners’ Banquet.

For an itemized account of receipts and disbursements
your attention is called to the following statement:

INCOME:
Rentals... ree tay ea ae eS a ee ea
Interest and dividends . SRN nga olay SRE ae BT Sau igs ene neh 17,893 10
Reyaltion weselved so ae eS ea Be 9,448 30
OCs INOONIE en ee a ee ee OF
LESS — ADMINISTRATION AND UPKEEP EXPENSES:
Commissions on bonds . . . . . . § 967 50
Heating and janitor service. . . . . 807 09
PUSUTETICR re 5,597 51
SROUE PRE ee 547 50
AGEL ORDURNES OO ee aa 1,086 65
Miscellaneous expenses . . . . . ._ 1,698 94
Office salaries and — co OOO be
Repeite. os pe ee, ce OOO Te
WHHGGE Tinenee 5 29 OG ee 635 64
MOR Re et ee a eee BY 60,237 94

$129,795 11
LESS — ANNUAL BEQUESTS: f

Annual Flower Sermon, Gardeners’ ege and Trus-
tees’ Banquet. . . : 1,600 00

Amount available for upkeep of Garden . . $128,195 11
DISBURSED AS FOLLOWS:

Gaiden BONGURE ee RR ORE 08
Herbarium Pg gaa Se Cn a oes ee eS 7,153 99
Library. goa eee 1 4,813 02
Research and instruction SSE ny Os che ea 15,487 15
AiG Cee Se eee as 96,766 34
$31,428 77
LESS—GARDEN IMPROVEMENTS. ...... 19,922 55

Excess income over Crepes for the Shee! “ee De-
cember 31,1917 .. - . $11,506 22

‘eancatoy submitted,

Epwarps WHITAKER, President.
Attest:

R. W. Switzer, Secretary.

TWENTY-NINTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
DIRECTOR

Gentlemen:

I have the honor to submit herewith the twenty-ninth
annual report of the Director.

Perhaps the improvement of greatest importance at the
Garden during 1917 has been the reconstruction of the
Garden between the main gate and the palm house, with
the accompanying rearrangement of the water gardens here,
they now being in the form of permanent concrete pools of
dignified design. This very necessary improvement has
necessitated a great amount of grading, the removal of over
1,500 cubic yards of soil, the removal of old and construc-
tion of new and more direct walks, the laying of new drains,
etc. A number of large trees have been transplanted to this
area, including two ginkgos, several liquidambars, and
thirty fine specimens of Magnolia grandiflora, as well as
many small junipers and other conifers, and a hedge of
barberry, extending from the main gate to the palm house.

As a part of this general scheme, a new rose garden has
been established to the south of the Linnean house, on the site
formerly occupied by the old greenhouses, removed in 1916.
Practically all the plants from the old rose garden near the
administration building have been transferred to this new lo-
cation, and a great many new varieties added, as well as addi-
tional roses which have been proved to be hardy in St. Louis.
The new location will undoubtedly make this—one of the
most popular attractions at the Garden—much more ac-
cessible to the public. The garden has been enclosed with
a planting of several hundred hawthorns, which will mate-
rially add to its beauty in both spring and fall. All of this
has undoubtedly been well worth while, since the incorrect-
ness of the grade has been an eyesore to all observers, and
the dignity of the new formal approach to the conservatories
impresses the visitor at once on entering the main gate. —

Work begun on the economic garden in 1916 has been
continued throughout the year. A walk and flight of steps
from the economic house to this garden have been built,
four Is have been completed, and permanent planting
installed, including a collection of shrubs, sample nse
plots, cordon fruit trees, and birches for pleached alleys.

(3)

+ MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

During the summer plots of farm crops of all sorts were
shown, as well as collections of flowering plants, vines, etc.
This garden as a whole is now taking on a finished appear-
ance and is proving extremely valuable as a demonstration
of what may be grown in the vicinity of St. Louis.

Many improvements have been made in other parts of the
Garden, the two most notable being the construction of a
house for the engineer and the building of a pit for the stor-
age of coal. The engineer’s house, completed in November,
is a six-room brick structure, with all modern conveniences.
A great amount of filling was necessary to bring this site up
to grade, but the house, while facing Shaw Avenue at the
west end of the stone wall, is very near to the boiler house,
thus adding both to the convenience of the engineer and
safety of the Garden. A new water connection was brought
in from Shaw Avenue to supply this house, as well as to
provide much-needed additional water for the propagating
houses. A storage pit with a capacity of 25 to 30 cars of
coal has been practically completed during the year. The
construction of this pit has been a slow process, since it is
all of reinforced concrete and was built in sections.

Much time has been devoted to the building of new walks
where they seemed desirable. The main conservatories have
been painted both outside and inside, and the stone wall on
Shaw Avenue has been pointed. In the fern house a new
concrete bridge with porous rock trim has been built, re-
placing the rustic bridge, which had become unsafe. The
interiors of the new shops and other service buildings have
been completed, involving the construction of benches, lock-
se racks, and necessary fittings in paint and glass storage

ouses.

Articles in the February, April, and May BULLETINS on
back-yard gardens and window boxes, vegetable gardens,
canning, drying, and storage of vegetables, created an un-
precedented demand for these numbers. Over 40,000 copies
of the February number alone have been reprinted and
distributed by the St. Louis Art League and the National
Clean-Up Association, while articles from the April and May
issues were widely pes et by other publications throughout
the country. In addition to this means of assisting the
public, members of the staff and the garden pupils devoted
much time, during the summer, to superintending school
vegetable peiees and those promoted by the Food Con-
servation Committee, as well as answering many calls for
information along these lines, by mail and telephone.

Opportunity was given early in the spring to employes of
the Garden to raise vegetables for their personal use on plots

*,

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 5

prepared by the Garden. Garden tools were also loaned for
this purpose, and many were glad to avail themselves of this
assistance, who otherwise would have been unable to have
had a vegetable garden. Unusual quantities of corn, oats,
millet, alfalfa, soy beans, cow-peas, and cane were grown
during the summer. Over 500 bushels of corn were har-
vested and sufficient hay to more than supply our stock for
the coming year. A new roof was built on the walls of the
old hay barn to provide storage room for the large crop.

The floral displays have been maintained throughout the
year in their usual excellence. These shows continue to
attract more and more attention from local commercial
growers and florists, since the Garden is able to show
many novelties before they are on the open market. March
15-18 the St. Louis Florists’ Club held a flower show in the
Coliseum, which was the most successful thing of its kind
attempted in St. Louis in several years, The Shaw medal
was offered by the Garden as well as $500 dollars in pre-
miums. Nineteen first prizes were obtained by the Garden
in addition to the silver medal offered by the Society of
American Florists and Ornamental Horticulturists.

The use of the Garden has been offered to the Government
in whatever capacity seems most fit, together with the equip-
ment of the laboratories, sterilizing apparatus, etc. The
Garden has also been of considerable assistance to the Mis-
souri Library Commission, in the collection of books and
magazines to be forwarded to the army cantonments. In-
formation furnished by the Garden to meet the demand
arising through the shortage of certain drugs, fibers, dyes,
- ete., due to the war, has even exceeded the amount given out
in 1916.

ATTENDANCE FOR THE YEAR 1917

Week-days Sundays

JOUR 2 rae i ee SOT 2 ee BS
LS. Mee ee ee ee eee ee ae ae a4e0 .: 5 | eee
Mitek 3 e Oe e Bek
BOE ee ak ee ee ce OR ce ee 13,794
May ON ee Bee ee eg Ge yl SE Ue see
win oo a es a ee ee oe
SON re ee I es 7,570
RN ee a OO ee ee
Diner Se ee ee A ee ee
October Be ee ee ke ea eee i ee
Wieser. a ee Bea ee ee
Wie a eee a oe ee RO Oe ee
143,598 135,856

143,598

Ph ee AO eee

6 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

ANNUAL BEQUESTS

The Flower Sermon, provided for in the will of Mr. Shaw,
was preached in Christ Church Cathedral by the Rev. James
E. resin: of St. Mark’s Church, Minneapolis, Minnesota,
on May 13, 1917.

The Twenty-eighth Gardeners’ Banquet was held on the
evening of September 12, 1917, at the Mercantile Club,
members of the American Association of Park Superin-
tendents, then meeting in St. Louis, being guests of the
evening.

SCHOOL FOR GARDENING

Through graduation and the call to arms by the Govern-
ment, the attendance of the School for Gardening has
decreased. Miss Clara Fuhr, Mr. Clarence Pedlow, Mr. P. A.
Kohl and Mr. A. J. Cella completed their course in September
and were awarded the Garden certificate. Miss Fuhr is em-

loyed temporarily at the Bourdet Floral Company; Mr.

edlow is a draftsman and outdoor foreman for Mr. C. W.
Fullgraff, landscape architect; Mr. Kohl has been appointed
Assistant Supervisor of School Gardens in St. Louis; Mr.
Cella is in charge of the landscape department of Stark
Nursery Company, at St. Louis.

Three of the students have entered the army service. Mr.
James Monteith is corporal of Headquarters Company of
128th Field Artillery, now at Camp Doniphan; Mr. George
Pedlow is a marine stationed “somewhere” in France; Mr.
W. G. Ellis is corporal of Battery C, 345th Field Artillery,
Camp Travis.

Due to the resignation of Mr. W. W. Ohlweiler, several of
the courses given by him were taken over by other members
of the instruction staff, the course in soils and fertilizers
being given by Mr. C. L. Moody.

During the spring and summer campaign for thrift gar-
dens, the students aided the Women’s Food Conservation
Committee in the work of organization. At the same time
Miss Clara Fuhr was engaged by the Webster Groves Garden
Club to take charge of school gardens in that town and
achieved very favorable results.

As a result of competitive examinations, Miss Anne L.
Chase of St. Louis, Mr. R. D. Mitchell of Gotha, Florida, and
Mr. F. C. Harris of Coffeen, Illinois, were appointed to the
vacant scholarships. Miss Virginia McMath of Webster
Groves is also enrolled in the regular course.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 7

A course of eight lectures on “The Development of a Small
Place” has been arranged for the benefit of amateur garden-
ers, and treats in detail the various theoretical and practical
phases of designing, developing and maintaining a small
estate. Several women have been enrolled by the payment
of a nominal tuition fee.

RESEARCH AND INSTRUCTION

Graduate instruction in botany offered in connection with
the Shaw School of Botany of Washington University, and
conducted in the graduate laboratories of the Garden, reached
a maximum during the latter part of 1916-17. The operation
‘of the federal draft and the great demand for men in the
research and instructional departments of the agricultural
colleges and experiment stations have together reduced _ma-
terially the enrollment in graduate work for 1917-18. This
has made it desirable and necessary to depart somewhat from
the announced program of courses of instruction. At the
same time it has given members of the staff greater oppor-
tunity to devote themselves to other phases of the work made
more urgent by the conditions. Coéperating with the de-

artments of Washington University, the facilities of the
aboratories have been offered for the solution of problems
confronting business firms in the city and vicinity, directly
or indirectly engaged in the manufacture of war products.
Much interest has been manifested in this opportunity. In
addition, the members of the scientific staff, as well as those
of the Garden staff, have given considerable attention to the
work of increased production and of conservation of vegeta-
ble products. This has required an increased number of
lectures, conferences, personal inspection of fields and gar-
dens, and much correspondence.

"Scientific and Extension Lectures.—The following are the
more important given by members of the scientific and Gar-
den staffs during 1917:

Alexander Lurie, January 19, before the Mothers’ Club of
the Benton School, “Outdoor Flowers.”

George T. Moore, February 1, before the Phi Gamma Delta
Fraternity, “The Garden and the Town.”

George T. Moore, February 7, before the Wednesday Club,
“New Fruits and Vegetables for the St. Louis Market.”

George H. Pring, February 13, before the St. Louis Aqua-
rium Society, ‘Native Aquatic Plants Adapted to Aquaria.”

Alexander Lurie, February 16, before the Mothers’ Club
of the Devonshire School, ‘“Back-yard Gardens.”

8 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Alexander Lurie, March 18, before the Webster Groves
Garden. Club, ‘‘Hot-beds.”’

B. M. Duggar, March 16, before the Alumni Association
of the Washington University Dental School, “Some Phases
of Parasitism and Immunity in Plants.”

Alexander Lurie, March 16, before the St. Louis Flower
Show, ‘“Back-yard Gardens.”

George H. Pring, March 16, before the St. Louis Flower
Show, ‘Aquatic Plants for St. Louis.”

George T. Moore, March 27, before the Washington Uni-
versity Association, “Some New and Old Plant Industries.”

B. M. Duggar, April 7, before the Washington University
Chapter of Sigma Xi, “Some Materials and Problems in
Plant Pathology.”

Alexander Lurie, April 10, before Butler Bros.’ Employes’
Association, “Vegetables.”

Alexander Lurie, April 10, before Richmond Heights
School Patrons’ Association, “Vegetables.”

W. W. Ohlweiler, April 19, before the Boy Scouts, at
Knights of Columbus Hall, “Vegetable Gardening.”

P. A. Kohl, April 20, before the Boy Scouts, at St. Peter’s
Evangelical Church, “Vegetable Gardening.”

Alexander Lurie, April 20, before the Boy Scouts, at
Bryan Mullanphy School, “Vegetable Gardening.”

Alexander Lurie, April 20, before the Rose Fanning
School, “Flower Gardens.”

Clarence Pedlow, April 20, before the Bo Scouts, at
Kingshighway Presbyterian Church, “Vegetable Garden-
ing.

George H. Pring, April 20, before the Boy Scouts, at St.
Peter’s Episcopal Church, “Vegetable Gardening.”

J. M. Greenman, April 23, Public Lecture Course of Wash-
ington University, “The Flora of the High Rockies.”
‘ M. Duggar, April 30, Public Lecture Course of Wash-
ington University, “The Plant Life of the Desert.”

Alexander Lurie, May 4, at the Kirkwood City Hall,
“Questions on Vegetables.”

George T. Moore, May 4, at the Kirkwood City Hall,
“Vegetables.”

George T. Moore, May 10, before the McKinley High
School, “Some Applied Aspects of Botany.”

Alexander Lurie, May 14, at Webster Groves, “Questions
on Vegetables.”

George T. Moore, May 16, before the St. Louis College of
Pharmacy, at Sheldon Memorial, valedictory address.

George H. Pring, June, before the St. Louis Association
of Gardeners, “Development of Hybrid Nymphaeas.”

.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 9

Alexander Lurie, October 26, before the Household
Science Club of Belleville, at the Carnegie Library, “The
Storage of Vegetables.”

Hermann von Schrenk, November 18, before the Kirk-
wood Monday Evening Club, “My Summer in the Garden.”

George H. Pring, November 22, before the St. Louis Gar-
deners’ Association, “The Botanic Gardens, Kew, England.”

George T. Moore, November 26, Public Lecture Course of
Washington. University, “The Evolutionary Consequences of
the War.”

George H. Pring, December 6, before convention of Na-
tional Gardeners’ Association, Chicago, “The Botanic Gar-
dens, Kew, England.”

George H. Pring, December 12, before convention of Mis-
souri Horticultural Society, Kansas City, “Aquatic Gardens.”

Graduates, Fellows and Investigators—During the sea-
son of 1916-17 there were registered for graduate work
sixteen students, as follows: Ruth Beattie, instructor in
botany, Wellesley College; W. W. Bonns, Rufus J. Lack-
land Rasoicth Fellow; C. W. Dodge, Lackland Research
Fellow; Lucy D. Foote, teacher, St. Louis Public Schools;
G. W. Freiberg, formerly research assistant; I. C. Hoffman,
industrial fellow, Purdue University; H. M. Jennison, as-
sistant in botany, Washington University; A. Lurie, horti-
culturist, Missouri Botanical Garden; D.C. Neal, Lackland
Research Fellow; Alice Pickel; L. J. Pessin, Lackland Re-
search Fellow; W. S. Reeves, scientific assistant to the
Director; H. Schmitz, Lackland Research Fellow; J. W.
Severy, teaching fellow, Washington University; R. A.
Studhalter, assistant bacteriologist, Montana Agricultural
Experiment Station; S. M. Zeller, special research assistant,
Yellow Pine Association. Owing to the operations of the
draft, to voluntary enlistment in public service, and to the
great demand for scientific men in botanical and agricul-
tural work, the number of students has been reduced for the
season of 1917-18, and the following are registered for reg-
ular graduate work: W. W. Bonns, Anne W. Davis, C. W.
Dodge, Lucy D. Foote, H. M. Jennison and E. B. Payson.
In addition, the following visiting investigators have been
in residence, using the facilities of the saniines laboratory,
namely, Dr. E. R. Allen and Dr. S. M. Zeller.

Appointments to the Rufus J. Lackland fellowships for
1917-18 were made prior to the entrance of the United States
into the war, with the following result: W. W. Bonns, 8. B.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1899, B. 8. A. Cor-
nell University, 1909, reappointed third year; W. H. Cham-

10 MISSOURI BOTANICAL- GARDEN BULLETIN

bers, B. S. University of Illinois, 1915; C. W. Dodge, A. B.
Middlebury College, 1915, reappointed third year; D. C.
Neal, B. S. Mississippi Agricultural and Mechanical College,
1909, A. M. Washington University, 1916, reappointed
second year; H. Schmitz, B. S., 1915, and M. S., 1916, Uni-
versity of Washington, reappointed second year.

‘Other appointments included that of Anne W. Davis,
A. B. Bryn Mawr, 1917, research assistant, to succeed Dr.
G. W. Freiberg; of J. W. Severy, A. B. Oberlin College,
1915, and E. B. Payson, B. A. University of Wyoming,
1917, teaching fellows in Washington University; and of
W. 5S. Reeves, B. 8. Pomona College, 1915, scientific assistant
to the Director.

Graduates formerly connected with the laboratory and
terminating their connection during the calendar year for
educational or scientific work are as follows: Dr. G. W.
Freiberg, Messrs. W. S. Reeves and J. W. Severy, now in
the Washington University Base Hospital, Unit 21, France;
I., C. Hoffman, assistant horticulturist, Bureau of Plant In-
dustry and Purdue Experiment Station; H. M. Jennison,
assistant professor of botany, Montana Agricultural College;
D, C. Neal, pathologist, citrus investigations, United States
Department of Agriculture, Alabama Experiment Station;
H. Schmitz, Naval Reserves; R. A. Studhalter, forest pathol-
ogist, United States Department of Agriculture; 8. M. Zeller,
investigator, Yellow Pine Association, stationed at the Mis-
souri Botanical Garden.

Mr. W. H. Chambers was unable to report for a fellowship
and is now enlisted in the Sanitary Corps of the United States
Army.

Dr. E. R. Allen, associate in the Ohio Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, in charge of the department of soils and of soil
chemistry, has been granted a leave of absence for the aca-
demic year by the station to pursue investigations in the
graduate laboratory. He has also been appointed associate
in bce chemistry in the Washington University Med-
ical School.

At the commencement of Washington University, June
14, degrees were conferred on the members of the graduate
laboratory as follows: Doctor of Philosophy, G. W. Freiberg,
with a thesis on “Studies in the mosaic diseases of plants,”
and S. M. Zeller, thesis, “Lenzites saepiaria Fries, with special
reference to enzyme activity.” The degree of Master of Arts
was conferred on three students as follows: Ruth Beattie,
thesis, “Temperature relations of enzymes, with special refer-

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 11

ence to the effects of various temperatures upon the forma-
tion of glucose from starch by the action of diastase”’; Alice
Pickel, thesis, ‘A taxonomic study of the genus Tetradymia”’ ;
and R. A. Studhalter, thesis, “The factors involved in the
dissemination of the chestnut bark disease.”

Publications and Papers.—There are given below a list
of the more important papers published during the year as
a result of investigations and observations made in the lab-
oratories, herbarium and Garden. This list does not include
many briefer popular discussions, articles which have ap-
peared in the BuLiErin, and abstracts in scientific journals.

Bryan, Mary M. “A Spurless Variety of Habenaria
psycodes.” Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., 1917.

Burt, E. A. “Merulius in North America.” Ann. Mo.
Bot. Gard., 1917.

Burt, E. A. “Odontia Sacchari and O. saccharicola, New
Species on Sugar Cane.” Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., 1917.

Burt, E. A. “The Thelephoraceae of North America.
VIII.” Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., 1917.

Dugger, B. M., Severy, J. W., and Schmitz, H. “Studies
in the Physiology of the Fungi. IV. The Growth of Certain
Fungi in Plant Decoctions.” Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard, 1917.

Duggar, B. M., Severy, J. W., and Schmitz, H. “Studies
in the Physiology of the Fungi. V. The Growth of Certain
- Fungi in Plant Decoctions.” Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., 1917.
Duggar, B. M. “Botany.” American Year Book, 1916.
Freiberg, G. W. “Studies in the Mosaic Diseases of

Art League Bull., 1917.

Pring, G. H. “Hybrid Nymphaeas.” Ann. Mo. Bot.
Gard., 1917.

Zeller, S. M. “Studies in the Physiology of the oe oi
III. Physical Properties of Wood in Relation to Decay In-

12 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

es by Lenzites saepiaria Fries.” Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard.,
1917.

The following papers were presented before the Botanical
Society of America during convocation week of the Amer-
ican Association for the Advancement of Science, at Pitts-
burgh, December 28 to January 1:

B. M. Duggar and Anne W. Davis. “The Disinfection of
Seed for Pure Culture Work.”

B. M. Duggar and C. W. Dodge. “The Use of the Colori-
meter in Hydrogen-Ion Determinations of Culture Solutions
and Plant Juices by the Indicator Method.”

George T. Moore. “The Subterranean Algal Flora.”

George T. Moore. “A Wood Penetrating Alga.”

S. M. Zeller and C. W. Dodge. “Rhizopogon in North
America.”

HERBARIUM

Continued progress has been made in the herbarium dur-
ing the year. A relatively large amount of new material has
been acquired; and another room on the third floor of the
office building has been equipped with the much-needed steel
cases, which give sufficient capacity to accommodate all of
the gymnosperms, including the valuable collections of
Coniferae from the Engelmann herbarium.

New Accessions.—The private herbarium of Mr. John H.
Kellogg, consisting of upwards of 12,000 specimens, has been
acquired by Ron, This collection consists primarily
of plants from Missouri, Arkansas and Texas, but also con-
tains several sets of plants from various parts of the United
States, which were obtained by Mr.Kelloge through exchange
with correspondents. Among other important accessions
secured during the year are the following: From Dr. Adolf
Alt, 65 plants of Switzerland; E. Bartholomew, 300 “Fungi
Columbiani,” and 100 “North American Uredinales’’; Ber-
nice Pauahi Bishop Museum, 420 plants of the Hawaiian
Islands; Miss Florence Beckwith, 87 plants of Missouri,
Illinois and Kansas; Dr. R. P. Burke, 266 specimens of
fungi of Alabama; B. F. Bush, 213 plants of Missouri;
California Academy of Science, 398 plants of the Galapagos
Islands, and 74 plants of California; Canton Christian Col.
lege, 835 plants of southern China; F. 8, Collins, 100 “Phy-
cotheca Boreali-Americana” ; Ira W. Clokey, 1,205 plants of
Colorado, Texas, Utah, Nevada, Mexico, etc.; Prof. C. Con-
zatti, 70 plants of Mexico; D. L. Crawford, 217 plants of
California; Rev. John Davis, 1,164 plants, chiefly from Mis-
souri and South Carolina; J. A. Drushel, 107 plants, mainly

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 13

from Missouri; Dulau & Co., 660 specimens of Gottsche and
Rabenhorst’s ‘“Hepaticae Europaeae”’; Dr. W. G. Farlow,
461 specimens of algae, lichens and fungi; Mrs. R. S.
Ferris, 112 plants of California; Field Museum of Natural
History, 731 plants of central and western United States;
G. W. Freiberg, 573 plants of Washington; Gray Herba-
rium of Harvard University, 915 plants, chiefly from New-
foundland, eastern and southern United States, Dr. Homer
D. House, 204 specimens of Thelephoraceae and other fungi
of New York; E. L. Johnston, 105 plants of Colorado; P.
Jérgensen, 342 plants of the Argentine Republic; Dr. W.
H. Long, 94 timber-destroying fungi; Dr. C. F. Millspaugh,
143 plants of Yucatan; Prof. Aven Nelson, 420 plants of
Alaska and 907 plants of Idaho; New York Botanical Gar-
den, 1,196 specimens from various parts of North America,
Bermuda and the West Indies; Dr. L. O. Overholts, 107
specimens of fungi of Colorado and Pennsylvania; Edwin
B. Payson, 451 plants, mainly from Colorado and Wyoming;
Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, 451 plants of
Delaware; Dr. H. von Schrenk, 253 specimens, chiefly from
the herbarium of Prof. Joseph Schrenk; P. C. Standley, 95
plants of Florida; Dr. Forrest Shreve, Compositae es Eu-
phorbiaceae from Arizona; J. A. Stevenson, 57 specimens
of fungi from Porto Rico; H. Sudre, 50 specimens of
Rubus and 50 specimens of Hieracium from France;
United States National Museum, 469 plants from various
arts of North America and 375 plants from the Canary
slands; University of Texas, 126 plants of Texas; Charles
T. Vorhies, 117 plants from northern Arizona; Dr. 8S. M.
Zeller, 475 plants of Washington. A complete list of acces-
sions received each month of the year has been recorded
in the successive issues of the BULLETIN.

Mounting and Distribution —The mounting of herba-
rium specimens has continued throughout the greater part
of the year, and a large part of the material received on new
accessions has been mounted and inserted in the organized
herbarium. Several thousand miscellaneous undetermined
specimens, accumulated during previous years, have been
‘dentified and distributed. In addition to this, nearly 1,500
specimens from the private herbarium of Dr. A. W. Chap-
man, which was purchased several years ago, have been
mounted and incorporated in the general collection.

Field Work.—The botanical survey of the southwest in
codperation with the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard Uni-
versity has been pursued throughout the entire season, eX-
cept for the last two weeks in August; and the collector, Mr.
Ernest J. Palmer, has visited numerous localities in Texas,

14 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Oklahoma and Arkansas. Spring and summer collections
were made on an itinerary beginning early in March, con-
tinuing until early August, and embracing the following
stations which were visited essentially in the order enumer-
ated: Corpus Christi, Campbelton, Alice, Laredo, Cotulla,
Uvalde, Pulliam, Del Rio, Devils River, Alpine, San Angelo,
Brownwood, Houston, Dayton, Livingston, Boerne, Kerrville,
Sabinal, Utopia, Concan, San Marcos, Blanco, Boerne, San
Antonio, Sullivan, Kingsbury, Milano, Somerville, Quarry,
College Station, Bryan, Valley Junction, Milano, San Saba,
Brady, Menard, Brownwood, Houston, Morgans Point, Goose
Creek, Dayton, Livingston, Huntsville, Latexo, Grapeland,
Palestine, San Marcos, Manchaca, Buda, Blanco, Fisher’s
Store, Lacey’s Ranch, Boerne, Medina Lake, Uvalde, Pulliam,
Montell, Barksdale, Del Rio, Devils River, Brownwood, San
Angelo, Mertzon, Sweetwater, Blackwell, Fort Chadburn,
Big Spring, Lubbock, Amarillo, and Canyon, in Texas; Clin-
ton, Elk City, Snyder, Cache, Anadarko, Lawton, Ryan, and
Ringold, in Oklahoma; Denison, in Texas; Mena, in Arkan-
sas; Page, in Oklahoma, and Allenton, in Missouri.

About two weeks in midsummer Mr. Palmer spent in
sorting and labeling the plants secured during the early part
of the season. On September 1, collecting was resumed at
Fulton and McNab, Arkansas, and continued at San Augus-
tine, Beaumont, Fletcher, Houston, Liberty, Dayton, Living-
ston, Palestine, Latexo, Grapeland, Blanco, San Marcos,
Boerne, San Antonio, Pleasanton, Coraleta, Sabinal, Utopia,
Comstock, Del Rio, Uvalde, Montell, Brownwood, Sweet-
water, Big Spring, in Texas, and at Altus, Elk City, Snyder,
and Muskogee, in Oklahoma. Thus a splendid representa-
tion of both the vernal and autumnal flora was obtained.

Although the season on the whole was an exceptionally
dry one and collecting therefore more difficult than in the
three years groecing, yet upwards of 10,000 specimens were
obtained. These collections afford excellent material for
scientific study, pain in tracing the geographical range
of species and in throwing more light on many species about
which very little at present is known. Seeds of a number of
plants were secured, particularly of such plants as seem of
special interest for growing in the garden.

Distribution of Duplicates—A relatively small number
of duplicate herbarium specimens has been distributed to
correspondents during the year. However, 2,572 specimens
have been forwarded chiefly to American institutions on
the basis of exchange; and in return therefor several valuable
series of plants have been received.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 15
(

Use of Herbarium by Outside Botanists.—Visiting bota-
nists from different parts of the country have consulted the
herbarium from time to time during the year. Several loans
of herbarium specimens have been made to institutions in
order to facilitate the work of specialists in monogra hing
technical groups of plants, and in studying the detailed flora
of different parts of the country. Such loans for the most
part have been of mutual advantage. An important work
has been undertaken by Dr. Norma E. Pfeiffer of the Uni-
versity of North Dakota, who spent the month of July in the
herbarium in pursuance of a monographic study of Isoetes.

Statistical Summary: (For the year ending December 31,

191Q). 7.

Number of specimens acquired on new accessions :

By purchase .......--+--+++eeereees 19,070
BS Sie Aen en ede 5,556
By exchange ....-----+++eeeses rere 3,489
By field work......---++++-+++-e++0% 8,537
TOU) oo ee ns 36,652 valued at $3,665 20
Number of specimens mounted and incorporated :
From Chapman Herbarium........--- 1,485
From all other sources.....-----.++-> 15,860
Total ineseeri wees 17,345 valued at $3,469 00
Number of specimens discarded from the
herbarium ...-.--+se+eeeereere cress 136
Number of specimens sent to correspondents
on the basis of exchange......---+-++> 2,582
Number of specimens in organized her-
teFitink 2 ois 6 Sos Span © OS ES 820,772 valued at $123,983 05
Number of specimens in unorganized her-
barium (estimated at)....---..++--+> 62,000 valued at 5,080 00
Wood specimens, ete., supplementing the
Cees pre ea ee ie hea Cee tee valued at 280 00
Microscope slides, ete.....--++++r-++errerr rte valued at 410 00
Total valuation ........---++es+erees $129,753 05
LIBRARY

Since the Garden library receives annually 944 serial
ublications containing more or less botanical matter, a
arge part of the daily work is required for checking up
and entering the current numbers of these publications as
they arrive, sending them on the round of the laboratories,
collating the volumes for the binder and finally indexing
and distributing them on the shelves.

16 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

There have been even fewer opportunities than in former
years during the war to purchase books which will complete
sets in old serials lacking one or more volumes.

Reclassification of Books.—Work has been continued dur-
ing the year in making changes in the card catalogue and
in accession slips in the vault, which were made necessary
by reclassification in 1915 of the books and pamphlets in
the sections of plant physiology and plant pathology, but
this work is not yet completed. About 1,000 more subject
cards were prepared during the year to complete the entries
in the library section of mycology for the subject card index.

Publications.—The current volume of the ANNALS OF
THE Missourt BoranicaL GaRDEN, which is our principal
exchange for publications of scientific institutions and socie-
ties, contains 368 pages, 22 plates and 74 text figures, and
consists of the results of botanical researches by individuals
connected with the Garden. It is computed that the value

er year of exchanges received for the ANNALS is about
$1,500. Some exchanges are also received for the BULLETIN.
Both the Annas and the Butiertn are supplied to regular
subscribers, and separates of the various articles in the
ANNALS are for sale by the library. The cash receipts from
subscriptions and separates for the year were $502.85.

Loans of Books.—While the library is not a circulating
library, it does loan many books which are needed by in-
vestigators in other institutions. The borrower makes ap-
plication for the loan through the library of his home
university, which is responsible for return of the book at
expiration of the loan and payment of transportation both
ways. Loans of 80 books to 29 institutions have been made
during the year.

Subject Index.—Work on the subject index of titles of
botanical articles published by scientific societies of the world
was continued during the greater part of the year. Indexing
the serial publications of Great Britain and Ireland and
nearly half of those of Germany and Austria had been com-

leted by the end of 1916. During the present year cards

ave been prepared for botanical articles of nearly all the
remaining scientific societies of Germany and Austria, but
most of the cards of the present year have not yet been
classified by the librarian. In all, about 18,300 articles are
now indexed for 179 sets of publications.

Statistical—_There have been 499 volumes, valued at
$940.55, and 697 pamphlets, valued at $149.00, donated to
the library; and 337 volumes, valued at $957.94, and 18
pamphlets, valued at $19.39, purchased. The library now

{
}

oA

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 17

contains 35,364 books and 45,712 pamphlets, a total of
81,076, valued at $121,380.51. There are also 326 manu-
scripts, valued at $1,603.25, 920,929 index cards, valued at
$9,281.85, and 162 maps, valued at $258.60, making the
total estimated value of the library and card catalogue
$132,524.21. A total of 33,584 index cards have been aided.
of which 19,831 were typewritten by Garden employees,
and 13,753 purchased at a cost of $181.76. The number of
a aes was 201, and 5 maps were donated, valued
at $2.00.

STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR DECEMBER, 1917
GARDEN ATTENDANCE:

Total number of Visitors... .. secs cece eee eee e ease 9,451
PLANT ACCESSIONS:
Total number of plants and seeds received as gifts...... 6
Liprary ACCESSIONS:
Total number of books bought...........-.---+.++eeees 8
Total number of books and pamphlets donated.......... 140
HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS :
By Purchase—
Canton Christian College—Plants of southern China...... 105
Paul C. Standley—Plants of Florida, collected by Miss
Jeanette P. Standley... 2.0... c sete cece csw sess seee 95
By Gift—
Dr. R. P. Burke—Fungi of Montgomery Co., Alabama..... 70
J. A. Drushel—Plants of Ohio, Missouri, Texas, and Col-
OTENO ey vee ees beeen eee e eee ee nee eeeeeneeees 17
Miss Caroline C. Haynes—Hepaticae of New York and New
SOROS as vei ic cans tase these ens esse vssssctvesus 20
New York Botanical Garden—Thelephoraceae from various
es OE ae Feo oh a oan ere ee ere ee) 700
Dr. L. O. Overholts—Sterewm rameale from Maryland..... 1
Edwin B. Payson—Plants of Colorado, Wyoming, Idaho,
end California 5566 inc iene inne reed cen secs 451
C. V. Piper—Ewobasidium Vaccinii on Xolisma ferruginea
Pre HOP os os ions k ee wos oh ore Cees ees eee 1
Dr. Mary S. Young—Symphoricarpos sp. from Texas...... 1
By Exchange—
California Academy of Sciences—Plants, chiefly from Cali-
oe | Reet remy Eee rer gee re ae ete 75
Ira W. Clokey—Plants of Colorado, mostly Senecio....... 30
Field Museum of Natural History—Plants of Indiana, Illi-
mois, Oregon, CbC.....-0. cece eeeee cece neseceres eee SOL
By Field Work—
Ernest J. Palmer—Plants of Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas,
and Missouri (estimated at)..........6.-seeeeeeees 8,500

18 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New
Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas—week days from 8:00
A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from December to April,
1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to December, 2.00 P. M. until sunset.

The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue
and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer
south from all intersecting lines.

STAFF
OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

*

-* Director,

GEORGE T. MOORE.

BENJAMIN Mince DuccaR, . - Epwarp A, Burt, ch
Physiologist in charge of, Graduate Labormosy- ; Myrologst ‘and Librarian.
_.) HERMANN yon s SCHRENE, gE ate “ANNE Ww. Dav,
es he kee Patholovit. yearn é beh se Research Assistant.
ice M. GreexMay, ee PE Ss ee KATHERINE H. ‘LEIGH,
(ies ‘Cerator of the Hesbarjunt th _ Secretary to the Director.

JAMES GURNEY,
Head Gardener, Emeritus.

JOHN Noyes,
Landscape Designer. _

"ALEXANDER Lurig, °

Horticulturist,
G. H. Princ,
~ Floriculturist.

: J. J. Coucutin, o“) WLP. LANGaN,

© Construction, © eae oi Engineer.
AP Foenstiny 2 H. VALLENTINE,
¥ +4
bax zs Be es % ‘a

Missour! BOTANICAL —
GARDEN [BULLETIN —

i Mol! VE. FEBRUARY, 1918 = ~-No.2

ea oe BONPENTS. <5
Wiehe Pree 8 oe, a ee
Untibegs? La iets

hah

ate’

AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE O
X-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELE-PERPRTUATING.

PAEONIA OFFICINALIS.

“IOA ““I1NG ‘duvy) Log ‘of

‘9

“SI6L

‘LT SLV Id

| Missouri Botanical
Garden Bulletin

Vol. VI St. Louis, Mo., February, 1918 No. 2

THE PEONY

Although the peony is one of the commonest of our
garden flowers, frequently seen growing in single clumps
in front or back yards, yet it deserves even greater ap-

reciation. The old-time red “piney,” while of great

uty, is dwarfed into insignificance by the gorgeous
new forms and colors produced by hybridization in
recent times. With its masses of ‘SE surpassing in
effect even the rose, its fragrance, ease of culture, ex-
treme hardiness and permanency, together with com-
parative freedom from disease and insect attacks, and its
adaptability to pleasing landscape effects and cut-flower
purposes, the peony stands a peer among flowers. This fit-
ting tribute was paid the peony as early as 1879 by H.
Huftelen in Vick’s Magazine: ‘No flowering plants cap-
able of enduring our northern winters are more satisfactory
than the peonies. Massive without being coarse, fragrant
without being pungent, grand without being gaudy, various
in form and color, beyond the possibility of Seite success-
fully superseded, they .stand in the first rank of hardy
flowers.

In America the first mention of peonies was made about
1800, but it was not until the middle of the nineteenth cen-
tury that the popularity of the plant with its ever-increasing
number of varieties began to be apparent. During the latter
half of that century the production of such a large number
of varieties occurred as to occasion confusion in nomen-
clature. This difficulty was finally eliminated, however, by
the establishment of test gardens at Cornell University, for
which upwards of 2,500 different varieties were secured from
various nurseries in the United States and abroad. After
a period of several years of painstaking effort, the varieties
were simmered down to 500 which were clearly distinct.
Most of these were derived from P. albiflora.

The American Peony Society, as well as some of the local
organizations and many enthusiastic individuals, has con-
(19)

20 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

tributed a great deal to the present enviable position of the
peony. The gradual evolution into the highly colored,
fragrant, double flower of to-day has come about through
the natural tendency towards variation aided by the change
of climate, environment, and ease of hybridization.

Because of the extensive variation the peony flowers have
been classified into seven types — single, Japanese, anemone,
semi-double, crown, bomb, and rose. (1) Single peonies are
composed of a ring of broad guard petals surrounding a
mass of stamens and carpels. (2) The Japanese type shows
the first indication of doubling. The filaments of the sta-
mens have broadened, while the guard petals have remained
the same. (3) The anemone presents the next develop-
ment in doubling. The filaments have been converted into
narrow petals, the anthers disappearing completely. (4) The
semi-double is not really a step in advance of the anemone,
as a few stamens still remain, though those which have
changed into petals have begun to resemble the guard petals
very strongly. (5) The crown type exemplifies the change
of carpels into petals which are slender and reflexed. (6) In
the bomb type we have the combination of doubling of
both the stamens and the carpels, but the guard petals are still
slightly different. (7) The fully double type is the rose
where the petals are evenly arranged, very often indis-
tinguishable from the guard petals. It is to be noted in
this connection that extensive studies have revealed that
fragrance increases with each successive type of doubling.
The single peonies often possess a disagreeable odor, while
the rose varieties are extremely fragrant. _

The one criticism usually voiced against the peony is the
short duration of the bloom. This is a serious drawback,
but the season may be prolonged six weeks or more by the
use of a number of different species. P. tenuifolia is the
first to bloom in the spring, followed by P. Witmanniana
hybrids in May, and a little later by P. officinalis. Early in
June the shrubby P. Moutan makes its debut with a wonder-
ful mass of large flowers. It is closely followed by another
shrubby form, P. lutea—a somewhat rare and recent intro-
duction with large golden yellow flowers. The last to bloom
are the numerous varieties of early, midseason, and late
types of P. albiflora.

From a cultural viewpoint the Paeonia ( Ranunculaceae)
may be classified under two heads—the herbaceous and the
tree, the herbaceous kinds composing by far the larger group.
The propagation of herbaceous peonies is comparatively a
simple process. Seeds may be sown or the fleshy rootstocks

‘St ULV Id

“SIGE 9 “IOA *

"I1Ng ‘auvy °

LOG ‘OW

TINA.

>

A ARIE

PAEONL/

Mo. Bot, GARD. BULL., VOL. 6, 1918.

PLATE 3.

PAEONIA ANOMALA.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 21

divided, but because of the variability and hybrid character
of the plants, seeds are rarely used, except to produce new
varieties. It is best to sow the seeds immediately after
maturity, in sandy soil, about two inches deep. Soaking
in water previous to planting is advisable to facilitate germ-
ination. Upon appearance of the seedlings above ground
shading of lath or brush should be provided and the young

lants allowed to remain in the seed-beds for at least a year.

ropagation by root division should be accomplished in the
fall after the tops have fully matured. The roots should
be dug up and placed in a shady place for a few days. Then
wo may be cut in pieces containing at least three buds.
each.

P. albiflora and P. officinalis are the most important of
the herbaceous species. P. albiflora is a native of northern
Asia and withstands a large degree of cold. It was known
to the Chinese previous to the sixth century, having been
used by them for medicinal purposes, food, and later for
ornamentation. It is readily distinguishable from the other
species by bearing more than one flower upon the stem. A
number of valuable varieties have been introduced, but its
chief value lies in the wonderful results obtained from cross-
ing with P. peregrina, P. arietina, and particularly P.
officinalis.

P. officinalis is native of southern Europe and is appar-
ently the species which secured for the genus its name
Paeonia. A physician named Paeon was supposed to have
used the roots of the plant in curing the wounds of Mars
during the Trojan War. A good many legends concerning
its properties have been handed down from the ancients,
ascribing miraculous faculties to its use and presence. Even
late in the nineteenth century the feeling prevailed
among the peasants of Europe that evil spirits would be
kept away by the presence of a peony plant near a house,
which may explain to a certain extent the planting of one
or two peonies at each cottage door.

Other species of herbaceous peonies of some ornamental
value and deserving of mention are the following:

P. paradoza, a native of Ile de Levant, France, quite late
in blooming and producing small flowers on very short
peduncles.

P. anomala, a Siberian species Bigs enormous roots
which are eaten by the natives. The flowers are large, crim-
son, single.

P. tenuifolia, native of Ukraine, Russia, characterized by
its linear leaves.

22 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

P. Witimanniana, a pale yellow peony, desirable for its
parentage in a number of valuable hybrids.

P. Emodti, the only species native of India, but closely
allied to P. albiflora.

P. Brownii, rather insignificant but worth mentioning,
being the only species native of the Western Hemisphere
(California).

Of lesser importance may be mentioned P. decora, P.
arietina, P. humilis, P. peregrina, and P. corallina.

The tree peony, Paeonia Moutan, is a native of China,
its discovery dating previous to the sixth century, when it
was cultivated for medicinal uses only. Later it was intro-
duced into gardens for ornamental purposes, oe a
great favorite with the Japanese. The first shipment reached
England in 1794 from where introduction into France was
secured. A more recent addition to the tree peonies is P.
lutea, with yellow flowers.

The tree peony is somewhat more difficult to i ei
than the herbaceous type. Several methods are em oyed :
seeds, grafting upon herbaceous peonies, layering, division
of the roots, and cuttage.

The commonest method is by grafting upon the fleshy
roots of the herbaceous types. The operation is performed
in August or September, so that new roots will be developed
before winter. A healthy piece of a root of P. albiflora is
selected and slit about two inches from the crown down-
ward. A scion with at least two buds is cut wedge-shaped,

‘inserted into this slit, and bound tightly with raffia. The
grafted plant is potted, leaving one eye of the scion above
ground, and the pot is plunged into a cold-frame where it
remains over winter and the following season. Cleft graft-
ing upon the roots is sometimes practised with success, if
plenty of wax is applied at the union.

Layering is best performed in the spring just before
owth commences. The operation consists of bending
own branches, making a slit on the under surface to en-
courage root formation, and pegging to the soil. It usually
requires two years before the plant may be severed from
its parent.

Division of the roots and cuttings of the stems are methods
rarely practised. The former has a tendency to injure the
plant, while the latter is rarely successful unless unusual pre-
cautions are employed. In order to have the cuttings root,
they should be taken in August or September with a portion
of the old wood attached, and planted in pots of sandy soil.
A close atmosphere and shade are essential for success,

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 23

The growing from seed has the advantage of securing
plants upon their own reots, but when it is realized that a
year or more is required for germination and an additional
five to six years before flowers are produced, the method is
found to be too slow and precarious.

The soil required for the maximum development of
peonies should be a somewhat heavy clay loam, especially if
quality of blooming is considered. For propagation pur-
poses, however, a lighter soil is preferable. A thorough
preparation of the beds is necessary because of the deep-
rooting, gross-feeding propensities of the plant. Stable
manure is considered the most efficient of fertilizers, but
should not be applied in too fresh a state, as rotting or gen-
eral debility of the plant will result.

Early fall planting in September should be practised.
The summer’s growth is then completed and the winter buds
formed at the crown. Spring planting is not advisable be-
cause of the unavoidable breaking off of the new rootlets
which start very early in the gy om a consequent check-
ing of growth. After the soil has been plowed two feet deep
in September and enriched with well-rotted manure, the
_ Toots may be lifted, divided, and planted in the new loca-
tion, setting the plants three inches below the surface of
the soil. This depth is essential to prevent freezing and
heaving during winter. A slight mulch of straw, manure
or litter is desirable.

In the spring the mulch may be worked into the
soil and thereafter shallow cultivation and occasional
watering is given to keep the plants in a healthy condition
during the summer. A slightly shady position would be
beneficial in localities with extreme summer heat, as during
exceptionally hot weather the foliage becomes brown early
in the summer, often necessitating its removal. Some
species, however, like P. tenuifolia, naturally lose their
foliage shortly after blooming, to reappear again next spring.
During the season the P. albiflora varieties require disbud-
ding in order to increase the size and improve the form and
color of individual flowers.

Cut peonies would be appreciated to a greater extent were
certain precautions taken in cutting. This should be done
when the buds are just unfolding and rolling back the outer

etals. Quick immersion into cold water to prevent air

ing drawn into the stems, and storage in a cool place until
expanded will prolong the keeping qualities considerably.
This is impracticable for commercial purposes, but if fol-

24 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

lowed as closely as possible would result in greater satisfac-
tion among the flower-buying public.

Both the herbaceous and tree peonies are readily forced
in the greenhouses. The plants should be lifted in Septem-
ber after completion of their growth, potted in rich soil, and
plunged into a cold-frame, where they should remain until
about December. When first placed in the greenhouses a
temperature of 40-45° F. should be maintained, gradually
being raised to 55-60° F. Under such treatment, with fre-
quent applications of liquid manure, the tree peonies may
be forced in six weeks and the herbaceous kinds in about
eight to ten weeks. Double-flowering varieties should be
used for forcing, their flowers possessing longer keeping
Y Negare After forcing at least two years should elapse be-
ore the same plants are forced again.

Comparatively, the peony is immune to insect attacks and
in a lesser degree the same holds true for fungous diseases.
By far the most important disease is the Botrytis blight, oc-
curring simultaneously in widely separated localities, espe-
cially during a wet spring. It is caused by Botrytis paeonzae
—a fungus belonging to a widely distributed genus attack-
ing many ornamental and economic plants. The disease
affects the stems, buds, and leaves. In the early spring an
attack upon the stems often results in rotting and complete
wilting. The buds are the next to succumb to the attack,
indicated by wilting, drying up, or failure to open. In wet
seasons as many as 90 per cent have been found blasted in
this fashion. The leaves show symptoms of this disease in
the form of blotches spreading from the apex, which soon
become brown and dry. In all cases a thick felty covering
of spores indicates the presence of the parasitic organism.

Due to the wide-spread nature of the disease, numerous
hosts, and transference of spores by ants, methods of con-
trol are not efficacious. Spraying is not desirable because
of the discoloration of the buds and foliage and the neutral-
ization of copper in the Bordeaux mixture by the exuded
sugary solution from the buds. Sanitary eradication meas-
ures promise a greater degree of success. Cutting away and
burning the old stubble in the fall and replacing the old
soil at the top by fresh sand, as well as removal of all in-
fected stems in the spring, will reduce the chances of infec-

tion of the buds. Rotted buds full of spores should be re-
moved and burned.

A number of other diseases have been observed, but in
most cases they are not very serious and no effective meas-

CINCHONA OFFICINALIS.

“Tong ‘auvy) ‘Log ‘OW

“SI6I “9 “IOA

‘p ULVId

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 25

ures of control have been devised for them. Among the
number may be included the root gall, root rot, leaf blotch,
mosaic, and Sclerotinia stem rot.

The following is a short selected list of some of the best
peonies for garden use and cut-flowers:

Name Color Time of Bloom Type
ANBIANCNG. 40 fot ae White June Crown
Baroness Schroeder....... White June Rose
Couronne: Ore... 5 0s White June Rose
Claire DUbGiss5..< <5 cies os Pink - June Rose
Duchesse de Nemours..... White May Crown
Delugiet oA soi ieee. Red June Rose
Edulis Superba........... Pink May Crown
Eugene Verdier........... Pink Early June Rose
Helis Crouse 52 isn scene Red Early June Bomb
Festiva Maxima.......... White May Rose
Grandiflora Rosea........ Pink June Rose
La Printemps 4 653553 5s Yellow Early May Single
Livingstone... i<iis.5 33s Pink June Rose
$m LGU 665 os a --se| White Early June Rose
M. gules Blie: oot. 6 Pink May Crown
MM Dupont. Csi. eo esa as White Early June Rose
Modeste Guerin.......... Pink Early June Bomb
Marie Lemoine...........| White June Rose
Mme. de Verneville....... White May Bomb
Mine: DUGG. in. uae: Pink May Bomb
Rubra Superba........... Red Late June Rose
Solfatere aca ic ss. .| Yellow June Bomb
Veins st 65 035 bs gue ecyaw Pink June: Crown
Walter: Pes0ns 62055 Pink June Rose

QUININE

This valuable medicinal plant (Cinchona officinalis) is
indigenous to the isolated districts of the western slopes of
the Cordilleras, at an elevation of between 2,000 and 9,000
feet. The genus is named in honor of Countess Chinchon,
wife of a Spanish viceroy of Peru, who was cured of fever
in 1678, by the medicine extracted from the bark. This is
known under several common names, as Peruvian bark,
Countess’ powder, Jesuits’ bark, and quinine, the ‘latter be-
ing derived from the Peruvian name, quinaquina, meaning
“bark of barks.”

A noteworthy specimen of Cinchona officinalis is in flower
for the first time in St. Louis, and may be seen in the vari
industries house at the Garden. Remarkable growth has
developed since the plant was transferred from the old green-

26 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

houses, where crowded conditions necessitated growing in
pots, and it is now twelve feet in height. The flowers are very
fragrant and borne in massive drooping panicles, small, bell-
shaped, white in color, with numerous fine hairs. The
leaves are large, ovate, green with reddish venation.

The quinine tree yields its maximum amount of alkaloid
when between six and nine years of age. Several methods
are used in the collection of bark of both roots and stems:
(1) The shoot or small tree is uprooted and entirely stripped
of bark, this meaning the total loss of the plant. (2) The
trunk is cut near the ground, the stump producing young
shoots which form a fresh plant. (3) The bark is stripped
in longitudinal layers, leaving sufficient bark between to
prevent injury. The exposed strip is sometimes covered with
moss for protection, and eventually is covered by the growth
of the cambium which at the same time forms a fresh layer
of bark. By using this latter method a continuous supply of
bark is secured.

Quinine is now widely cultivated in India and Ceylon,
where it was introduced in 1861. For this purpose col-
lectors were sent to Peru to secure seeds, owing to the
fact that the seeds lose their germinating power very soon
after ripening. They were Sa) pe to the Botanic Gapten
at Kew, where three thousand plants were grown and
sent to India, Ceylon, and the West Indies, in Wardian cases.
By 1893 these plants were fully established and quinine was
made available for use by the natives, put up in five-grain
doses and sold for one pice (about half a cent). Before this
achievement, the Indian government purchased over 200,000
dollars’ worth of quinine merely for the state of Bengal,

which emphasizes the importance of the introduction of this
plant into India alone.

NOTES

Mr. Alexander Lurie, Horticulturist to the Garden, at-
tended the meetings of the American Society of Horti-
cultural Science, at Pittsburgh, December 27-31.

At the Patriotic Food Show at the Coliseum, February
2-13, the Garden was represented by an exhibit of fungi and
bacteria injurious to fresh and preserved food products.

A meeting of the Society of Sigma Xi was held in the
graduate laboratory on February 15, Dr. L. R. Nickel giv-

ing an address on “The Battle of the American Chemical
Industries.”

On February 20, Mr. G. H. Pring, Floriculturist to the
Garden, gave an illustrated lecture, at the Central Library,

MISSOURI BOTANICAL G#RDEN BULLETIN 27

before the St. Louis Natural History Museum Association
on “Insect Pollination in Flowers.”

The graduate lecture room at the Garden, as well as a
large room in the basement, has been turned over to the
Red Cross as a branch for the making of surgical dressings.
This is the first surgical dressing shop to be opened on the
South Side and is being well attended.

f

On January 1, Dr. B. M. Duggar, Physiologist to the
Garden, lectured before the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and
Sciences on “The Significance of Plant Diseases and the
General Problems of Parasitism.” He also presented a
paper, on February 4, before the St. Louis section of the
American Chemical Society on ‘Some Refinements in the
Indicator Method of Hydrogen-Ion Determinations.”

Among the recent visitors to the Garden were Dr. J. R.
Wier, Forest Pathologist, U. S. Department of Agriculture,
Missoula, Montana; Dr. Clifford H. Farr, of Texas Agri-
cultural and Mechanical College; Prof. E. Meade Wilcox,
of University of Nebraska; Dr. R. A. Studhalter, formerly
Rufus J. Lackland Research Fellow, now Assistant Forest
Pathologist, U. S. Department of Agriculture, San Fran-
cisco; Miss Ruth Beattie, Instructor in Botany, Wellesley
College; and Mr. G. P. Van Eseltine, of the Bureau of Plant
Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington,
yp. .

During March the Monday Afternoon Lecture Course of
Washington University, held in Graham Memorial Chapel
at 4:30 P. M., will consist of a series of talks on “Garden-
ing,” by members of the Garden staff. The dates and sub-
jects for these are as follows:

1, March 4. Vegetable Gardens; Their Use and Misuse.......

Die wae ae Cs CEE be ee ee George T. Moore.
2. March 11. Production and Food Values........... B. M. Duggar.
BO: Maren 18s Wat Co Pants soi ee aeons Alexander Lurie.
40 Marth Phir BOW 16 Pane ee as i es Alexander Lurie.

28 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR JANUARY, 1918

GARDEN ATTENDANCE:

Otay HIIDO: OF VARIDOT EG re os ia cs Fe eek oie
PLANT ACCESSIONS:

Total number of plants received as gifts................ 1
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS:

Total number of books and pamphlets bought........... 5

Total number of books and pamphlets donated........... 30

HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS:
By Purchase—
E. Bartholomew—“North American Uredinales,” Cent.
XVIII, Nos. 1701-1800 inclusive, Cent. XIX, Nos.

AS01000 inchasive ss ce he os becca eet ee -- 200
Rev. John Davis—Ferns, chiefly from United States... .. 290
F. C. Gates—Plants of northern Michigan.............. 517
B €, Gates—-Plants of Titinois 6 ee ee 131

By Gift—
E. Bartholomew—Fungi from western Missouri........, 2
R. H. Colley—Fungus on Pinus Strobus from Massachu-

BOO ee. es i eae a oe aera Ve cee
J. A. Drushel—Ungnadia speciosa Endl. from Texas.... 1
Dr. H. D. House—Fungi of New York.................. 22
C. G, Lloyd—Corticium lilacinofuscum from Japan...... 1
John Macoun—Fungi of British Columbia.............. 61
New York Botanical Garden, by Dr. W. A. Murrill—

Merulius hirsutus Burt from type locality.......... 1
Dr. J. R. Wier—Timber-destroying fungi of Montana... . 2
Dr. Mary S. Young—Polygola sp. from Texas........... 1

By Exchange—
New York Botanical Garden—Plants of the West Indies,

RUNGE PORE SRM SS 65 obi cl ss cas 258
University of North Dakota—Plants of North Dakota... 10

AORB Er RE ak 1,498

The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New
Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas—week days from 8:00
A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from December to April,
1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to December, 2.00 P. M. until sunset.

The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue
and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer
south from all intersecting lines.

mikes STAFF .
OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

Director,

GEORGE T. MOORE.

BENJAMIN Mince Duccar, - Epwarp A. Burt, ©
Physiologist in charge of Graduate Laboratory. Mycologist and Librarian.

HERMANN VON SCHRENK, | _ ANNE W. Davis,
Pathologist: . : : Bai ates Research Assistant,

Jesse M. GRreeNMAN, oF Karuerine H. Leicn,

doe .
Curator of the Herbarium. : gre _ Secretary: to the Director.

JAMES GURNEY,
Head Gardener, Emeritus.

Joun Noyes,
Landscape Designer,
ALEXANDER LurIE,

Horticulturist.

G. H. Prine,
Floriculturist.

J. J. Covucurin, oe W. F. Lancan,
koe : Construction. : Engineer,
_ P. Foerster, ee ieee H. VALLENTINE,

Farm and Stables. re "Carpenter.

MlussouRI BOTANICAL
GARDEN JBULLETIN

Vol. VI MARCH, 1918 No. 3 |

CONTENTS

| ‘The Indoor Bulb Show Sige a ce
: ‘ ‘ Notes + - | oe Pe kar ves : BY Se f i a a " . j
_ Statistical Information - = - = = = 39

‘ST. LOUIS, MO.
sh tee 1918 .
PuBLisHED MONTHLY BY THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES

BOARD OF TRUSTEES
OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN
THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WIth, ;
AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF A

THE EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING.

EDWARDS WHITAKER.

View President,
DAVID S. H. SMITH.

EpwaroC,Euor, ~ Leonarp MartrHews.
- - GeoRcE C. Hircucock. _ Wnuam H, H. Perrus.
P, CHourzau Marrirr, : : -Patup C. SCANLAN.

ns Epwarp MALLINCKRODT. a8 Joan F. SHEPLEY.

EX-OFFICIO MEMTERT

: Grorce T. Moors, eho hae oe
_ Chancellor of Washington University. t cn President of The Academy of Science of aces
~ RicHarp Aaeay
President of the Board of Education of
or St; Louis.
> asians. Perko

Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri.

VIEW OF GARDEN IN FLORAL DISPLAY HOUSE.

Missouri Botanical
Garden Bulletin

Vol. VI St. Louis, Mo., March, 1918 No. 3

THE INDOOR BULB SHOW

The advent of spring is to be fittingly emphasized by the
April indoor show in the floral display house at the Garden.
The show will consist of the early-blooming bulbous plants
which have become universally associated in the popular
mind with the transition from the bleak days of winter to
the brightness of the Easter season—lilies, hyacinths, tulips,
and narcissus.

The flowers have been arranged in a formal garden of
a simple parterre design unusually well adapted to the pro-
portions of the floral display house. A new feature is a
marble figure in the center of a circular bed at the north
end, which is framed by the arbor beyond. The wall foun-
tain and pool at the south end form a most important part
of the effect produced. Hyacinths occupy the triangular
beds and the small circular beds of the middle panel. The
beds forming the squares of this part are filled with tulips,
while the larger circle at the north end contains the nar-
cissus and the hyacinth collections. At the sides are hya-
cinths, amaryllis, spiraea, and roses, and several pieces of
topiary work at regular intervals. Borders of snakegrass,
palms, and other exotics enclose the garden in a wall of
green.

A special feature of the display will be a collection of
148 bulbs of hippeastrum, valued at $10,000, loaned to the
Garden last October by John Scheepers Co., New York, to
be grown and exhibited at the time of the National Flower
Show which was to have been held in St. Louis in April.
On account of war conditions the show had to be abandoned,
but the Garden has made an extra effort to make up, in part
at least, for the disappointment of those who had been look-
ing forward to this floral treat. Mr. Scheepers visited
Europe for the sole purpose of bringing to this country the
finest of modern hybrids, and he believes that he secured
the only specimens of the two rarest hippeastrums in ex-

(29)

30 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

istence, a pure albino variety under the popular name “White

=

a a2 JP NNN IS
. s

-
. ~~ -,)
eS FZ agi
e

ert 4
\ Rae

=f

PLAN OF GARDEN IN FLORAL DISPLAY
HOUSE.

Lady” and a light pink
variety called “Apple
Blossom.” St. Louisans
are particularly fortunate
in having the opportunity
of seeing this unusual and
noteworthy collection.

HIPPEASTRUM (Amaryllis)

The development of
this well-known genus
covers a_ considerable
period of activity on the
part of the enthusiast and
hybridist. It was well
known in gardens before
the Linnean period, and
the old name Amaryllis
suggests that it was named
for the sweetheart of the
Roman_ poet Virgil.
Sternbergia lutea was de-
scribed by John Gerard
under the name Narcissus
autumnalis major. Park-
inson figured the same
plant in his “Paradisus,”
as well as a red-flowered
type, Narcissus indicus,
which is popularly known
at the present time as
Amaryllis formosissima,
native of exico and
Guatemala. It was prob-
ably introduced into Spain
previous to 1593.

In 1822 Dean Herbert
published “The Produc-
tion of Hybrid Vege-
tables’ in the Transac-
tions of the Royal Horti-
cultural Society. Under
this somewhat eccentric
title he devised a complete
systematic classification of
the known species of

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 31

Amaryllis. The greater part of Herbert’s life was de-
voted to the Saaetioddan of the order and the cultivation
of all the known amaryllis, numerous hybrids being raised.
In a subsequent treatise the genus was separated, probably
through the suggestions of Linnaeus, into Hippeastrum and
Amaryllis, Amaryllis Belladonna, indigenous to the Cape of
Good Hope, being the only remaining representative, while
the western group embraced many species. The separation
was not entirely geographical, however, but founded on
minute botanical characters. Up to this period the genus
had been named successively Narcissus, Lilio Narcissus, and
Amaryllis, which, however, are readily differentiated. The
liliums have a leafy stem without spathes, while the
amaryllis produce naked flower stems with buds inclosed in
spathes.

There are upwards of 70 described species of Hippeastrum,
a number of which have been used in the production of the
thousands of variable present-day hybrids. The most prom-
inent species, Hippeastrum Reginae, a native of South
America, was introduced and flowered by Fairchild of Hox-
ton, England, in 1728, under the name Lilium Reginae.
It was figured in the Botanical Magazine, 1799, the flower
being a short funnel-form variety, crimson in color. Huzp-

eastrum vittatum, native of Peru, was imported into

urope in 1769, having white flowers prominently over-
laid with red stripes, with a white keel. Hippeastrum reticu-
latum, native of Brazil, was introduced into England by
Dr. Gray, in 1777, and was described in the Botanical Maga- .
zine, in 1803. The flowers of this species are mauve or
purple-red, with cross lines and bars of crimson. Hip-
peastrum equestre, of tropical America, dates back to 1698,
and is probably one of the earliest parents used in breed-
ing. Its flowers are bright red with green at the base. Other
imported species used are Hippeastrum aulicwm, introduced
from Brazil in 1819, H. psittacinuwm, introduced from
Brazil in 1820, H. solandriflorwm from Brazil, H. pardinum
from Peru, and H. Leopoldii. H. Johnsoni, the first re-
corded hybrid, was raised, in 1799, by an English watch-
maker named Johnson, who crossed H. Reginae and H.
vittatum.

The development of Hippeastrum me bed was taken up
commercially by Veitch & Sons, of Chelsea, England, about
1870, resulting in a more open, regular flower. Large se
of these hybrids were exhibited at the annual shows of the
Royal Horticultural Society of London. The work of im-
provement was later taken up by the Belgians, Dutch, and
Germans. At the present time thousands of hybrids are

32 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

"raised annually in California by Burbank, and in Florida by
Nehrling.

There are two methods by which hippeastrums may be
cultivated, (1) planting outside for the summer months,
and (2) greenhouse or pot culture. The first method in-
volves the planting out of bulbs in rows, during the month
of May, in a well-drained border and top dressing with cow
manure. During summer plenty of water and destruction
of weeds are essential. In October the bulbs should be lifted
and either potted, or stored in the bulb house and potted
two or three weeks before the starting period. One objec-
tion to this method is the unavoidable breaking of the num-
-erous thick, fleshy roots, which occurs in the process of lift-
ing and potting, at the expense of the future flowers. It is
advocated, however, for the increase of stock, through the
agency of side growths which are produced more freely out-
side. Greenhouse or pot culture is without doubt more satis-
factory when the production of perfect flowers is the ob-
ject. The plants should be transplanted before the starting
period, usually January, or top dressed, depending upon their
condition. A good heavy soil should be selected, adding
leaf mold and sand in proportion, and enriching it by
applying bone meal or cow manure. Water should be given
sparingly until the plants are well rooted. It is not neces-
sary to transplant annually, but top dressing in alternate
years, combined with feeding with liquid cow manure and
soot-water, is desirable. After growth is completed, usuall
by the end of October, the water should be withheld ‘a

ually, and the temperature reduced from 60 to 45° F. for
the resting period.

Mealy nae ee thrips are the two chief insect pests, the
former inhabiting the under side of the scales, the latter
puncturing the epidermis of the succulent leaves. The
mealy iy may be kept under control by forcible spraying,
or, when badly infested, by brushing the bulbs with 50 per
cent alcohol. Nicotine solution will control thrips.

Hippeastrums are easily raised from seeds, producing
flowering bulbs within 4 years. Seeds should be sown
immediately after ripening, as they soon lose their vitality.
The best method is to sow in sandy soil in flats, placing the
seeds about 2 inches apart to eliminate early transplant-
ing. If properly wn, bulbs 1 inch in pede ss may
easily be obtained by the end of the first year, when they
should be transplanted into 3-inch pots or set outside dur-
ing the summer for further development.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 33

THE LILY

No other flower upon display exemplifies the Easter season
as does the lily. It has been associated so long with Easter
decorations that its absence would be considered inappro-
pee The lily is one of the oldest flowers known to man-

ind, having been mentioned in legends and verse from
earliest times, though its history is shrouded in mystery.
Parkinson (1869) was the first to describe accurately several
different species, and he was later followed by Linnaeus in
the “Systema Plantarum,” in 1774. Many new forms were
discovered by Thunberg and Siebold, which enabled M. Spae
(1847) to publish a memoir containing 44 species. A com-
nee classification of the lily was published in 1874 by

aker, which led to the standard work on the subject by
H. J. Elwes, “A Monograph of the Genus Lilium.” Of the
200-300 species that have been described, only four with
their varieties are commonly used for indoor decoration—
Lilium longiflorum eximiwm (Harrisii), L. longiflorum
giganteum, L. candidum, L. speciosum album, L. speciosum
rubrum, L. speciosum Melpomene, and L. Henry.

The Easter lily, Lilium longiflorum, is a native of China,
and is cultivated for decorative purposes to a larger extent
than any other lily. The white tubular flowers of L. longi-
florum eximium and L. longiflorwm gigantewm often reach
8 inches in length, while as many as 15-20 have been borne
on a 4-foot stem. The average commercially grown plants,
however, produce 3-5 flowers per plant. The susceptibility
of L. longiflorum eximium to a bacterial disease has led to
its being superseded by L. longiflorwm giganteum, which
differs from the former by greater vigor of the bulb and a
reddish tinge of the stem.

The Madonna lily, Lilium candidum, is a native of the
Mediterranean region, and is used quite extensively for for-
cing. It differs slightly from LZ. longiflorum in having
smaller and more numerous flowers with a greater fragrance.

Lilium speciosum and its varieties, rubrwm and Mel-
pomene, rank next to L. longiflorum in their use for for-
cing purposes. The flowers are reflexed, white or pinkish
with blood-red spots, 1-10 being borne on a stem. The
varieties differ from the type in deeper coloration of the
petals and somewhat different habit of growth. They are
native of Japan.

Lilium Henryi is similar to L. specioswm in bulb and
form of flowers but differs in habit and coloration. The
flowers are more numerous, orange-yellow with reddish
brown spots and a green band at the base. It is native of

na.

34 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

One of the main factors in successful forcing of lilies is
the development of a strong root system before any top
growth is permitted. To accomplish this the bulbs are

tted in the fall in 6-inch pots containing a compost of
e parts loam and 1 part well-rotted manure, the pots
being only half filled in order to allow for a top dressing
when growth begins. The bulbs should then be stored out-
doors in frames and covered with cinders, soil, or manure.

About 13-14 weeks before the time that flowers are de-
sired, the pots should be brought into a greenhouse with a
temperature of 45-50° F. at night, which is gradually raised
in the course of 2 weeks to 60° F. With proper ventilation
and weekly applications of liquid manure after the buds
begin to show, no trouble hoa be experienced in produc-
ing well-flowered plants. Approximately 6-8 weeks are re-
quired for forcing lilies from the time that the buds ap-
pear. Application of water at a temperature of 70° F. is
recommended, as well as shading the glass to draw up the
stems to a desirable height. The lasting qualities of the
flowers may be increased by the removal of the anthers upon
opening of the blooms. This prevents the self-pollination and
subsequent fertilization of the ovary, with rapid withering
of the corolla. In addition, this practice prevents the spot-
ting of the pure white bells with the sticky yellow pollen.
Eradication of green aphis is essential to prevent malforma-
tion of the flowers.

NARCISSUS

The narcissus, a true harbinger of spring, was greatly
prized in the ancient times. It was mentioned by Virgil
some 2,000 years ago and later by Mohammed. In botanical
works the first account of the daffodils occurs in Gerard’s
“Herbal,” in 1597. In 1629 Parkinson figured it in his
“Paradisus,” while in 1724 numerous varieties were listed
in Miller’s ‘Gardeners’ Dictionary.” In modern times great
impetus has been given to the popularity of narcissus by the
classification and introduction of various types by Peter

In popular nomenclature great confusion exists as to the
proper terminology for daffodils, jonquils, narcissi, Chinese
sacred lilies, etc. The daffodils or trumpet narcissi differ
from jonquils in having much larger trumpets and bearing
flowers singly upon a flowering stem, while each jonquil stem
bears 2-6 shallow-cupped yellow flowers resembling those of
the paper-white narcissus. The much-prized sacred lily is
but a variety of the paper-white narcissus.

‘The popularity of the narcissus is not confined merely
to growing outdoors, as the demand in recent years for cut

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 35

flowers and pot-grown plants has been enormous. The prin-
cipal species used for forcing are N. Tazetta papyraceus
(paper-white narcissus), NV. Pseudo-Narcissus (trumpet daf-
fodil), N. incomparabilis, N. Jonquilla, and N. poeticus.

N. Tazetta produces 4-12 white flowers with shallow cups.
It is an extremely variable species both as to color and size.
The most important varieties are the common paper-white
narcissus (N. Tazetta papyraceus) and the Chinese sacred
lily (N. Tazetta orientalis), the latter being extensively
grown in bowls of water.

N. Pseudo-Narcissus (trumpet daffodil), with its brilliant
yellow single and double flowers, is one of the favorites. 1
mcomparabilis differs slightly from the trumpet daffodil in
having a shorter trumpet, and is thought to be a hybrid be-
tween N. Tazetta and N. Pseudo-Narcissus. N. Jonquilla
(jonquil) is a hardy species forced extensively for its small
yellow shallow-cupped flowers produced upon slender stalks.
N. poeticus is an old favorite easily recognized by the red-
margined shallow cup and spreading white segments.

The majority of the bulbs are grown in Holland and
to a certain extent in France. Upon their arrival in Septem-
ber, immediate potting is recommended to prevent drying
out and thus impairing the quality of the flowers. The best
soil is a mixture of equal parts of leaf mold, well-rotted
manure, and fibrous loam, nitrogenous fertilizers tending
to turn the flowers green. For cut-flower oy pees the bulbs
are usually placed close together in shallow flats, their tops
being just level with the surface of the soil. When used as
pot aby several bulbs are placed in a 6-inch pan. Care
should be taken to provide sufficient drainage and not to
press the bulbs into the soil, as this may compact the soil
underneath to such an extent as to lift the bulb out of the
earth when the roots begin to develop. Thorough watering
- and storage in a cold-frame in a manner similar to that prac-
ticed for lilies give best results. Subdued light is neces-
sary upon removing the bulbs from the frames, in order to
draw up the foliage and prog uniformity of bloom. At
this time a temperature of 50° F. should be maintained, but
as the light is increased the temperature 1s raised 10-15
degrees. Under proper conditions 4-6 weeks are required
to bring the bulbs into bloom.

HYACINTH

Very little is known of the early history of the hyacinth.
Gerard mentioned it in the “Herbal,” but failed to state its
origin or source of introduction. White, pink, and blue

36 ‘MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

varieties were then figured, but now the range of color is
much greater, including yellows and reds of many shades.

The Dutch hyacinth (Hyacinthus orientalis) and the
Roman hyacinth (H. orientalis albus) are the two types
commonly forced. The latter differs from the former in a
smaller bulb producing earlier flowers, usually of a pale

ink, blue, or white color, and fewer on astalk. The Dutch

yacinth produces a single stiff flowering stem from a bulb,
as a rule, while the Roman hyacinth may produce three or
four graceful spikes.

The propagation of the hyacinth is so: distinct as to re-
quire a brief mention. In July fully ripened bulbs are
taken out of the ground, and 3 or 4 cross cuts deep na
to reach the growing point made in the bottom. These bulbs
are then placed in a trench, with the cut end upward, cov-
ered with soil, and allowed to remain a few weeks. As soon
as the wounds are healed and the cuts opened wide the bulbs
are taken up and placed in storehouses until October, when
planting takes place. Upon. being lifted next June the cuts
are found to be lined with 20-30 small bulblets, while the
substance of the old bulb has practically disappeared. The
young bulbs are planted next fall in a aimntte manner to
the old bulbs, this process being repeated for four or five
years, until a mature flowering bulb is developed. Another
method consists of scooping out the center of the bottom of
the bulb instead of scoring it. More but smaller bulblets
are secured in this manner, but the advantage of quantity is
offset by the additional one or two years required to attain
maturity.

_ The soil and conditions essential for proper forcing are
similar to those of the narcissus, except that Dutch hyacinths
are grown singly in pots. It is very necessary to produce a
strong root system in order to have long healthy spikes of
flowers. Low temperature, not above 65° F., is conducive
to large flowers, more brilliant coloration, and longer last-
ing qualities. Usually for Dutch hyacinths 4-6 weeks are
required for the proper development of the flowers after be-
ing brought from the frames. The Roman hyacinths may
be forced in a much shorter time.

_ The Dutch hyacinth, as well as the Chinese sacred lily,
is often Shibe in water. The principles of growth are the
same as for potted bulbs, except that each bulb is so placed
in a glass that the bottom is barely in contact with the water.
It should then be set away in a cool, dark place for 8-10
weeks, until a strong root system has been developed and the
growing shoot has reached 2-3 inches in length. By grad-

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 37

ually increasing the temperature and ght, good flowers may
be obtained, providing fresh water is added occasionally.

TULIP

Although it is well known that tulips are of extremely
old garden origin, no exact records are in existence. It is
thought that Tulipa Gesneriana and T. suaveolens are re-
sponsible for the common types of to-day. To the former
are ascribed the late tulips, while the early-flowering varieties
belong to the latter. Their cultivation in Europe dates back
to 1554, when seed was brought to Austria from Turkey.
The Turkish tulips were composed of pointed petals of red
and yellow hues, but these were gradually, by a process of
selection, changed to broad rounded forms of varying colors.

Two forms of 7. Gesneriana are of importance in forcing,
the long-stemmed, self-colored, large-flowered Darwins, and
the Parrot tulips (7. Gesneriana var. Dracontia). It is
thought that Parrot tulips are merely hybrids possessing
deeply and fancifully cut petals, although the same condi-
tion may have been brought about by continuous selection.
T. suaveolens differs from the others chiefly in earliness of

‘bloom and comparative dwarfness. A garden hybrid be-
tween 7. Gesneriana and T. acuminata—T. retroflexa—is
of interest, possessing yellow funnel-form flowers with
twisted, undulated edges.

Tulips are propagated by means of offsets and cutting of
the old bulbs. While flowering, new bulbs are formed in-
side of the outer covering. Consequently the bulbs which
are dug up from the beds in the spring are not the same that
were planted in the fall. Thorough ripeness is essential for
bulb production.

Pot culture of tulips does not differ from that of the other
bulbous plants. Several bulbs are placed in a pan, watered,
stored in frames, and then gradually forced into bloom in
3-4 weeks. Proper rooting is essential to develop long-
stemmed, large flowers.

ASTILBE

Astilbe japonica, or, as it is pagrem 4 called, Spiraea,
belongs to the Saxifragaceae, and is a hardy herbaceous
perennial, with compound foliage and tall, dense spikes of
white, pink, or purplish flowers.

The clumps of plants are allowed to freeze outdoors, then
are potted into a mixture composed of sandy loam and

manure in ratio of 4 to 1, and Dieta on in the greenhouse
at a temperature of 50° F. No higher temperature than

38 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

60° should be allowed, but copious quantities of water should
be applied throughout the growing season and especially
when the flower spikes begin to show color. Generally, three
months are required to bring the plants into full flower.

Division of the clumps after forcing and growing them
on in a cool place in the free ground outdoors for a year will
produce new plants ready for forcing the year following.
Astilbe is singularly free from attacks of diseases and insects.

NOTES

Mr. W. S. Wells spoke on “Thrift Gardens” at the Car-
negie Library, Belleville, Illinois, March 18.

Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the Garden, gave a talk
before the St. Louis Garden Club, March 12, on “Lawns.”

Mr. Alexander Lurie, Horticulturist to the Garden, spoke
on “Thrift Gardens” at the Wellston High School, March 8.

Mr. F. S. Collins, of Boston, is spending some time at the
— working over the collection of algae in the her-
arium.

An illustrated lecture on “Tree Surgery’ was given be-
fore the St. Louis Gardeners’ Club, March 6, by Mr. Alex-
ander Lurie.

Dr. Norma E. Pfeiffer, of the University of North Da-
kota, has resumed at the Garden her monographic studies
of the genus Isoetes.

Visitors to the Garden during March included Mr. J. F.
Collins, Forest Pathologist, U. 8. Department of Agriculture
and Demonstrator, Brown University, Providence, Rhode
Island; and the Rev. John Davis, of Hannibal, Missouri.

On March 28 fifty students from the St. Louis College of
Pharmacy, accompanied by Professor Hemm of that insti-
tution, visited the Garden, and were conducted through the
greenhouses and grounds by Mr. George H. Pring, Flori-
culturist to the Garden.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 39

STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR FEBRUARY, 1918

GARDEN ATTENDANCE:

Total: vymber of Visitore....5 «<3 6555S oe a ee ee 8,478
PLANT ACCESSIONS:
Total number of packets of seeds received as gifts......-- 10
LipraRky ACCESSIONS:
Total number of books and pamphlets bought.........---- 53
Total number of books and pamphlets donated........---- 57
HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS:
By Gift —
E. Bartholomew—Hydnum laeticolor from western Missouri 1
O. C. Charlton—Quercus sp. from Dallas, Texas...-..---- 1
Mrs. Joseph Clemens—Plants of Oklahoma. 225.56 i sess 427
Prof. C. Conzatti—Passiflora sp. from Mexico.....------- 1
J. A. Drushel—Plants of Missouri, Ohio, Texas, and Colo-
es os Os a Pe ER et eS Se 12
Dr. W. G. Farlow—Fungi from Venezuela, Georgia, and
Rew TA 5 os ce eo Vk er es ae Sere 12
A. G. Johnson—Plants of Switzerland, collected by Miss
Be leds Nia os ss dis en iv 8a week E ee A AOE CERT PEE 82
Dr. J. Lunell—Plants of North Dakota......--+-++++:++> 12
Dr. W. H. Long—Merulius ambiguus from New Mexico... 1
Miss Ida M. Roper—American plants introduced into Eng-
land through war conditions.....-.---+++:+tr5777"" 7
By Exchange —
Botanic Gardens, Sydney, N. 8. W.—Plants of Australia.. 200
756

The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New
Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas—week days from 8:00
A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from December to April,
1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to December, 2.00 P. M. until sunset.

The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue
and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer
south from all intersecting lines.

STAFF
OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

seek ae
GEORGE T.. MOORE.

BENJAMIN MINGE Duccar, Epwarp A, Burt,
Physiologist in charge of Graduate Laboratory. ; Mycologist and Librarian.

HERMANN YON ScHRENE, ANNE W. Davis,
ee Research Assistant.

Jesse M. GREENMAN, KATHERINE H. Leicu,
Curator of the Herbarium. Secretary to the Director.

JAMES GURNEY,
Head Gardener, Emeritus.

JoHN Noyes,
Landscape Designer.

ALEXANDER LuRIE,
Horticulturist.

G. H, PRING,

Floriculturist.

J. J. CoucHtin, W. F. LaNGAN,

Construction. Engineer.
P. FOERSTER, Hp Vaccenting,

Farm and Stables. Carpenter.

ore £ s

‘ gp

Missouri BoTANICAL
GARDEN BULLETIN —

Vol. VI. . APRIL, 1918 ~ dNo. 4

owe

CONTENTS —
_ The Economic Garden == =
Statistical Information <=. re ge cs So he 58

ST. LOUIS, MO.
iin cowee ee pe 1918 : alk
PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES

ie raise BOARD so CONSTITUTED, “EXCLUSIVE OF

EX-OFFICIO M pxcatcne ss Is SELEA EMP ALERTING:

a
Ba) | Ee eis

THE ECONOMIC GARDEN

Missouri Botanical
Garden Bulletin

Vol. VI St. Louis, Mo., April, 1918 No. 4

THE ECONOMIC GARDEN

One of the most popular, interesting, and instructive of the
outdoor gardens is the economic garden, so named because
of the material grown there. The value of this garden lies
in the educational features embodied in its various sec-
tions, giving the city-dweller a comprehensive idea of the
manner in which various economic plants are grown, as well
as setting forth possibilities that may well be incorporated
in his own home grounds.

This tract, about two acres in extent, 1s oval-shaped, di-
vided from east to west through the center by a rough stone
walk, bordered with birch which will eventually form a
pleached alley. At the upper or south end, on either side
the central walk, are located beds of farm crops, vegetables,
savory herbs, bee plants, ornamental grasses, and lawn
— The north end is divided into three terraces. The

rst comprises four ideal back-yard garden arrangements ; the
next is devoted to hedges of various sorts, as well as dwarf
=e small fruits; and a medicinal garden occupies the last
errace.

At either end of the garden is a circular pool. The cen-
tral north-and-south walk is lined throughout its oo.
with trained fruits, while the outer border consists of trellis
work supporting numerous hardy and tender vines. A cut-
flower border surrounds the entire garden, which in turn is
screened off from the main garden by a thick border planta-
tion of trees and shrubs.

Farm Crops.—The plots in this section are mainly sam-
ples of crops to be grown upon a large acreage and used as
staple articles of food or in the manufacture of economic
products. Several crops are of such unusual interest as to
require special mention, such as Mandan corn, teosinte, pea-
nut, Australian salt bush, and beggarweed.

Mandan corn is described as the earliest-fruiting corn
known and one which withstands drought, cold, and neglect.

(41)

42 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Under most unfavorable conditions ears will mature in 70-
90 days. The stalks are slender and short, with many suck-
ers, bearing numerous ears. Through hundreds of years
of selection by the Mandan Indians for perfection of ear and
earliness of maturity this wonderful type has been developed
for sections of the northwest and eastern slopes of the Rock-
ies, where semi-arid conditions are prohibitive of successful
agriculture, The purity of the various strains was preserved
by the Indians, who held the corn sacred.

Teosinte, an annual forage plant closely related to corn
and similar in appearance but forming no true ears, is a rank ~
grower, reaching a height of 15 feet and producing as many
as 60 stalks from a single root. Its great yielding property
(20-30 tons per acre) would place teosinte at the head of all
forage crops were it not for the fact that it will thrive only
in moist, rich soil with a hot growing season. Only limited
areas are devoted to its culture, the larger proportion of the
crop being used as ensilage.

The peanut is an annual leguminous plant of creeping
habit, with two kinds of flowers, the showy male and the
hidden female. The former soon drop off, while the latter
grow eet by the extension of the stem, which curves
toward the ground, and becomes buried, to mature the pods.
The seed is shelled before planting and is placed in loose soil
2 inches deep, 8 inches apart in the rows, 2 seeds being
dropped at each place. Proper cultivation and ridging of

lants is essential to further the development of the pods.
“eanuts are used as roasted nuts, salted nuts, and for confec-
tionery purposes. Peanut butter and peanut oil form ex-

tremely important by-products, while the vines form excel-
lent forage.

Australian salt bush is a good cover crop upon alkaline
soils and forms a forage of high quality, though the taste for
1t 1s acquired very gradually.

nike capa is an annual leguminous plant used as a cover
crop for orchards, being a vigorous grower and having high
nitrogen-producing property. If used for hay two crops may
be cut during the season and the third crop allowed to ma-
ture seed, thus pie ge eb the crop from year to year.
Warm, moist soil and hot weather are conducive to its best

development.
FARM CROPS
ae Sauoeg name Botanical name
alfa Medicago sati
a salt bush ‘Atetolon aclianieie

ey Hordeum sativum

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 43

Common name Botanical name
rweed Desmodium tortuosum

Buckwheat Fagopyrum esculentum
Burnet Poterium sp.
Canadian field peas Pisum sativum var. arvense
Clover, crimson Trifolium incarnatum
Corn, broom Andropogon Sorghum
Corn, field (Mandan) Zea Mays
Corn, pop Zea everta
Corn, sweet Zea saccharata
Cotton Gossypium herbaceum
Cowpea Vigna sinensis
Flax Linum usitatissimum
Furze Ulex europaeus
Millet Panicum miliaceum
Oats Avena satwa
Peanut _ Arachis hypogaea
Rape, dwarf Essex Brassica Napus
Rice Oryza sativa
Rye Secale cereale
Sainfoin Onobrychis sativa
Soy beans Glycine Soja
Spelt wheat Triticum Spelta
Spurry Spergula arvensis
Sugar beet Beta vulgaris
Sugar cane Saccharum officinarum
Teosinte Euchlaena mexicana
Timothy Phleum pratense
Vetch Vicia villosa

V egetables.— Representative vegetables are grown on sev-
eral plots, the following list including two little-known but
desirable plants, udo and dasheen.

The udo is a hardy perennial producing strong, blanched
shoots early in the spring, which may be cooked or used as
a salad, It is readily grown from seed sown In a cold-frame
in March. Upon reaching 4 inches in height the plants are
set out in the open ground 3% feet apart. Blanching is
accomplished by mounding the soil over the tops, placing
tile, boxes or tubs filled with sand over each plant, through
which the shoots develop. After the removal of the crop full
erowth should be permitted, pinching out the flowers as they
form. The turpentine flavor of the shoots 1s removed by
boiling them 10 minutes in salt water.

The dasheen is a vegetable introduced into the United
States in 1905 from Trinidad. It is closely related to our
ornamental elephant’s ear and is thoroughly adapted to cul-
tivation in the warm, moist south Atlantic and Gulf states.
In Florida, dasheens are planted in March, the tubers being
placed 2 inches deep and 4 feet apart. The crop matures in
October, when it may be harvested in a manner similar to
the potato. Partial maturity has been obtained in the Gar-
den by starting the tubers in the greenhouses in January,

44 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

but this, of course, is not practicable on a commercial basis.
When fully grown the tubers, varying in color from white
to violet, vidld 4-30 pounds to a hill. Because of the 7-
month requirement for maturity, it is not a profitable crop
for cool climates. Dasheens are cooked in a manner similar
to the potato and possess a nutty flavor which makes them
an acceptable substitute for this popular vegetable.

VEGETABLES

Common name

Artichoke, globe
Artichoke, Jerusalem

Botanical name

Cynara Scolymus
Helianthus tuberosus

Asparagus Asparagus officinalis

Beets Beta vulgaris

Bean, common Phaseolus vulgaris

Bean, Lima Phaseolus lunatus var. macrocarpus

Brussels sprouts

Cabbage, Chinese
Cabbage, fiat Dutch
Cabbage, Jersey Wakefield

Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera
Brassica Pe-tsai

Brassica oleracea var. capitata
Brassica oleracea var. capitata

Cabbage, red Brassica oleracea var, capitata
Cardoon Cynara Cardunculus
Carrot Daucus Carota
Cauliflower Brassica oleracea var. botrytis
Celery Apium graveolens
Chicory Cichorium Intybus
Chives Allium Schoenoprasum
Collard Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera
Corn salad Valerianella olitoria
Cress Lepidium sativum
Cucumber Cucumis sativus
Dasheen Colocasia esculenta
Egg plant Solanum Melongena
Endive Cichorium Endivia
Horseradish Radicula Armoracia
Kale Brassica oleracea var. acephala
Kohlrabi Brassica oleracea var. Caulo-Rapa
Leek Allium Porrum
Lettuce, head or leaf Lactuca sativa
Mustard Brassica nigra
Okra Hibiscus esculentus
Parsley Carum Petroselinum
Parsnip Pastinaca sativa
Pea Pisum sativum
Pepper Capsicum annuum
Potato, sweet Ipomoea Batatas
Pumpkin Cucurbita Pepo
Radish Raphanus sativus
Rhubarb Rheum Rhaponticum
Sea-kale Crambe maritima
Spinach Spinacia oleracea
uash Cucurbita moschata
Tobacco Nicotiana Tabacum
Tomato Lycopersicum esculentum
Turnip Brassica Rapa
Udo Aralia cordata

Unicorn plant

Martynia proboscidea

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 45

Bee Plants——In order to secure a quantity of honey of
good quality, plants possessing flowering parts with an
abundance of nectar acceptable in flavor to the bees, and
affording easy access to the nectar glands, should be grown
in close proximity to the hives. The following list com-
prises the plants grown in the garden which possess not only
the above requirements, but provide a succession of bloom
throughout the season:

BEE PLANTS

Common name

Alfalfa

Aster, white heath
Balm

Bee-balm
Borage
Buckwheat
Catnip

Chowlee plant
Chrysanthemum
Clover, Alsike
Clover, crimson
Clover, Japan
Clover, red
Clover, sweet
Clover, white
Dandelion
Figwort

Furze

Giant spider plant
Globe thistle
Goldenrod
Knotweed
Lions’ tails
Mustard
Peppermint
Rape, dwarf Essex
Sacaline
Sainfoin

Sweet alyssum
Tickseed

Vetch, hairy

Botanical name
Medicago sativa
Aster ericoides
Melissa officinalis
Monarda didyma
Borago officinalis :
Fagopyrum esculentum
Nepeta Cataria
Vigna sinensis
Chrysanthemum sp.
Trifolium repens
Trifolium incarnatum
Lespedeza striata
Trifolium pratense
Melilotus alba
Trifolium repens
Taraxvacum officmale
Scrophularia nodosa
Ulex europaeus
Cleome spinosa
Echinops sphaerocephalus
Solidago sp.
Polygonum pennsylvanicum
Leonurus Cardiaca
Brassica nigra
Mentha piperita
Brassica Napus
Polygonum sachalinense
Onobrychis sativa
Alyssum maritimum
Bidens bipinnata
Vicia villosa

Savory Herbs.— Savory herbs are used for culinary a.
oses, to add flavor to dressings, soups, stews, and salads.
he prevailing ignorance of their good qualities is respon-

sible for their infrequent use and lack of demand. e

comparative ease of cultivation should induce many to cul-

tivate such common herbs as parsley, sage, thyme, savory,
marjoram, spearmint, dill, fennel, balm, and basil. The
following plants are grown in the section devoted to savory

herbs:
HERBS

Common name Botanical name
Agrimony Agrimonia officinalis —
Angelica Archangelica officinalis

46 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Common name
Anise
Balm
Basil, dwarf
Basil, sweet
Borage
Caraway
Catnip
Coriander
Cumin
Dill
Elecampane
Fennel, sweet
Horehound
Hyssop
Lavender, true
Marjoram, sweet
Mint, curled
Peppermint ©
Rosemary
Rue
Sage
Sage, red
Savory, summer
Savory, winter
Spearmint
Tansy
Thyme
Tarragon
Wormwood

Botanical name
Pimpinella Anisum
Melissa officinalis
Ocimum minimum
Ocimum Basilicum
Borago officinalis
Carum Carvi
Nepeta Cataria
Coriandrum sativum
Cuminum Cyminum
Anethum graveolens
Inula Helenuum
Foeniculum dulce
Marrubium vulgare
Hyssopus officinalis
Lavandula vera
Origanum Majorana
Mentha crispa
Mentha piperita
Rosmarinus officinalis
Ruta graveolens
Salvva officinalis
Salvia Horminum
Satureia hortensis
Satureia montana
Mentha viridis
Tanacetum vulgare
Thymus vulgaris
Artemisia Dracunculus
Artemisia Absinthium

ORNAMENTAL GRASSES

Agrostis nebulosa
Agrostis pulchella
Arundo Donax

Avena sterilis

Briza geniculata
Briza gracilis

Briza maxima
Brizopyrum siculum
Bromus brizaeformis
Bromus macrostachys
Bromus madritensis
Chloris barbata
Chrysurus cynosuroides
Coia Lacryma-Jobi
Cortaderia argentea
Cortaderia Quila
Eleusine barcimonensis
Eleusine coracana
Eragrostis abyssinica
Eragrostis amabilis
Eragrostis elegans
Eragrostis maxima

Erianthus Ravennae

Eulalia japonica

Eulalia japonica var. zebrina

Festuca glauca

Gymnothria japonica

Hordeum jubatum

Lagurus ovatus

Panicum atropurpureum

Panicum sulcatum

Pennisetum japonicum

Pennisetum latifolium

Pennisetum longistylum

Pennisetum Ruppellii

Stipa elegantissima

Stipa pennata

Zea Curagua

Zea Mays var. gracillima

Zea japonica var. follis variegatis

Zea japonica var. gigantea
quadricolor

Phalaris. arundinacea var.
variegata

Lawn Grasses—Two circular plots near the pleached
ma are divided into 12 sections. Each section in one plot
evoted to a single kind of lawn grass, while the sections

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN AT

in the other plot consist of mixtures of these individual

grasses, suitable for various purposes. The following list in-

dicates the grasses used, as well as the proportions in the

mixtures :
GRASSES AND MIXTURES

1. English rye 7. Kentucky blue-grass
2. Orchard grass 8. Sheep fescue
3. Red top 9. St. Augustine grass
4. Bermuda grass 10. Italian rye
5. Canadian blue-grass 11. White clover
6. Rhode Island bent 12. Wood meadow grass
MIXTURES
1. General Purposes— 6. Slopes—
Red top 35 per cent Rhode Island bent
Kentucky blue-grass 40 per cent
35 per cent Wood meadow 25 per cent
Sheep fescue 10 per cent Canadian blue-grass
English rye 20 per cent 25 per cent
Kentucky blue-grass
2. General Purposes— 10 per cent
Kentucky blue-grass 7. Extreme Heat—
50 per cent Siemeda
grass 50 per cent
Red top ZO per cent Kentucky blue-grass
Rhode Island bent 50 per cent
ican ie I pee ene mrone Hoot :
= a er Bermuda grass 60 per cent
3. General Purposes— Italian rye 40 per cent
Kentucky blue-grass 9. General Purposes
20 per cent
Rhode Island bent Italian rye 20 per cent
30 per cent Canadian blue-grass
Encli 40 per cent
nglish rye 40 per cent
White clover 10 per cent Red top 30 per cent

White clover —_10 per cent

10. Sandy Sotls—
Rhode Island bent

4. Fair Green—
Kentucky blue-grass

30 per cent ‘ 4
Rhode Island bent 50 per cen
50 per cent Orchard grass 20 per cent

Sheep fescue 30 per cent

11. Extreme Heat—

St. Augustine 40 per cent
per cent Bermuda grass 60 per cent
Wood meadow 40 per cent 712, Hatreme Heat—

—o— BO pet cent Bermuda grass 40 per cent .

Kentucky blue-grass
50 per cent

White clover 10 per cent

Back-yard Gardens— Four model back-yard gardens,
each 28 x 60 feet, illustrate the effects that may be obtained
in an average back yard. A full description of the subtrop-
ical, rose, shrubbery and perennial, and vegetable and flower

. Sheep fescue 20 per cent
5. Shady Miature—

Kentucky blue-grass

40

48 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

back-yard gardens is contained in the February, 1917,
number of the BULLETIN,

Hedges.— The possibilities in the use of other plants than
California privet for hedges are shown in the terrace devoted
to this purpose. The various widths and heights illustrate
the different effects obtainable.

HEDGE PLANTS

Common name

Althea, shrubby
Aralia

Barberry, box
Barberry, Japanese
Bridal-wreath
Buckthorn

Deutzia

Dogwood, red Osier
Gumi

Hawthorn

Honey locust
Honeysuckle, fragrant
Honeysuckle, Morrow’s
Mock-orange

Oregon grape

Privet, California
Privet, Japanese
Privet, yellow

Pearl bush
Quince, Japanese
Rose, Japanese
Sea buckthorn
Spiraea
Stephanandra

Botanical name
Hibiscus syriacus
Aralia pentaphylla
Berberis Thunbergii var, nana
Berberis Thunbergii
Spiraea prunifolia
Rhamnus cathartica
Deutzia scabra
Cornus stolonifera
Elaeagnus longipes
Crataegus Oxyacantha
Gleditsia triacanthos
Lonicera fragrantissima
Lonicera Morrowii
Philadelphus inodorus
Mahonia Aquifolium
Ligustrum ovalifolium
Ligustrum Ibota
Ligustrum ovalifolium var.

aureum

Eaochorda grandiflora
Cydonia japonica
Rosa rugosa
Hippophae rhamnoides
Spiraea “Anthony Waterer”
Stephanandra flexuosa

Medicinal Section.— The plants in this group are ar-
ran according to their botanical relationship. Many

kinds of plants of v:
cluded in the collection.

stances nearly all
entire root of bell

medicinal importance are in-
obtaining the medicinal sub-
arts of the plant are employed. The
onna, licorice, ete., is used; the bark of

the root of sassafras and cotton; the entire herb of lobelia,
pennyroyal, catnip; the leaves of belladonna, foxglove; the
seed of poppy, castor bean, ete.

MEDICINAL PLANTS

Botanical name
Achillea Millefolium
Achillea santolinoides
Acorus Calamus
Actinomeris squarrosa
Allium sativum
Althaea officinalis
Anethum graveolens

Common name
Common milfoil, yarrow

Sweet flag
Common garlic

Marshmallow
Anet, dill

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 49

Botanical name
Antirrhinum majus
Apocynum cannabinum
Aquilegia vulgaris
Arctium Lappa
Artemisia vulgaris
Asparagus officinalis
Borago officinalis
Calendula officinalis
Cannabis sativa
Capsicum sativum
Chelidonium majus
Chrysanthemum coccineum
Convallaria majalis
Coriandrum satiwum
Cynoglossum officinale
Daucus Carota
Dictamnus (Fraxinella) albus
Digitalis purpurea
Dipsacus atratus
Dipsacus sylvestris
Euphorbia marginata
Genista tinctoria
Glycyrrhiza glabra
Heuchera americana
Humulus Lupulus
Hydrastis canadensis
Hyssopus officinalis
Inula Helenium
Tris cretensis
Tris Pseudacorus
Iris tectorum
Tris versicolor
Lavandula vera
Leonurus Cardiaca
Linaria vulgaris
Linum alpinum var. albwm
Linum perenne
Lycopersicum esculentum
Malva rotundifolia
Melilotus officinalis
Mentha piperita
Mentha viridis
Monarda fistulosa
Narcissus poeticus
Nepeta Cataria
Ocimum Basilicum
Opuntia vulgaris
Oryza sativa
Paeonia officinalis
Phytolacca decandra
Platycodon grandiflorum
Polygonum hydropiperoides
Radicula Armoracia
Ranunculus bulbosus
Rheum compactum
Rheum macropterum
Rheum Rhaponticum
Ricinus communis

- Common name
Snapdragon
Canada or Indian hemp
Common columbine
Burdock
Mugwort
Common asparagus
Common borage
Pot marigold
Common hemp

Red pepper
Cock-foot, tetterwort

Common lily-of-the-valley
Common coriander
Common dog’s tongue
Wild carrot
White-flowered fraxinella
Common foxglove

Wild teasel
Snow-on-the-mountain
Base broom

Licorice plant

Alum root

Common hop

Golden seal

Common hyssop
Horse elder

Jacob’s sword, water flag
Wall iris

Large blue flag

True lavender

Common motherwort
Butter-and- , toad-flax
Dwarf white-flowered flax
Perennial flax

Tomato

Dwarf mallow

avin wild bergamot
Poet’s narcissus

Catnip

Sweet basil

Barbary fig

Ri

ce
Common garden peony
Poke

Chinese bellflower
Mild waterpepper
Common horseradish
Crowfoot, buttercup
Rhubarb

Garden or tart rhubarb
Castor bean

50 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Botanical name

Rubus caesius
Rubus strigosus
Rumesx acutus
Rumex Patientia
Ruta graveolens
Salvia officinalis
Sanguinaria canadensis
Satureia hortensis
Scrophularia nodosa
Secale cereale
Solanum Dulcamara
Spiraea Filipendula
Statice Limonium

Symphytum officinale
Tanacetum vulgare
Taraxacum officinale
Thymus vulgaris
Urtica dioica
Verbascum Thapsus
Veronica grandis
Veronica virginica
Vinca minor

Zea Mays var. indentata
Zea everta

Common name

Bramble, dewberry
Red raspberry

Herb Patience, spinage dock

Rue

Sage

Bloodroot

Summer savory

Knot-rooted figwort

Common rye

Bittersweet or woody nightshade

Dropwort, Italian “May”

Common sea lavender, wild marsh
beet

Boneset

Common tansy

Dandelion

Thyme

Common stinging nettle

Common mullein

Culver’s root

Common periwinkle
Common maise, Indian corn
Popcorn

Vines.— Aside from their ornamental value, vines are
very useful on pergolas, trellises, and lattice work, shutting
from view various unsightly objects. They serve also as a
means of relieving the bareness of walls, thereby uniting the
house with the lawn. The numerous annual and perennial
chmbers which will be planted at the base of the trellis work
surrounding the garden illustrate the kinds which thrive in
this vicinity, as well as their methods of attachment.

Botanical name

Adlumia cirrhosa
Bryonopsis laciniosa

Cardiospermum Halicacabum

Cobaea scandens
Convolvulus japonicus
Echinocystis lobata
Humulus japonicus
Ipomoea Quamoclit
Ipomoea Bona-nox
Ipomoea grandiflora
Ipomoea setosa

Ipomoea (mixed Japanese)

Maurandia Barclaiana
Mina sanguinea
Momordica Balsamina
Momordica Charantia
Phaseolus multiflorus
Tropaeolum canariense
Tropaeolum Lobbianum

ANNUAL VINES

Common name
Mountain fringe vine
Ornamental fruited vine
Balloon vine
Mexican ivy plant
Bindweed
Climbing cucumber
Hop vine

Moon vine

Brazilian morning-glory

Balsam apple
Balsam pear

Runner bean
Nasturtium
Nasturtium (mixed)

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 51

PERENNIAL VINES

Botanical name

Actinidia arguta

Actmidia polygama

Akebia quinata

Ampelopsis heterophylla

Ampelopsis Engelmannti

Ampelopsis Lowti

Ampelopsis muralis

Ampelopsis quinquefolia

Ampelopsis tricolor

Ampelopsis tricuspidata

Apios tuberosa

Aristolochia Sipho

Aristolochia tomentosa

Boussingaultia baselloides

Clematis coccinea

Clematis crispa

Clematis Flammula

Clematis florida “Duchess of Edin-
burgh”

Clematis Jackmanii

Clematis Jackmamii “Madame
Baron Veillard”

Clematis lanuginosa var. Henryi

Clematis lanuginosa “Lady Caro-
line Nevill”

Clematis lanuginosa var. Lawson-
tana

Clematis lanuginosa “Nelly Moser”

Clematis orientalis

Clematis paniculata

Clematis patens “Fair Rosamond”

Clematis patens var. Standishii

Clematis virginiana

Clematis Vitalba

Clematis Viticella “Ville de Lyon”

Celastrus orbiculatus

Celastrus scandens

Cucurbita Pepo

Dioscorea Batatus

Dioscorea villosa

Evonymus radicans

Evonymus radicans var. variegatus

Hedera cambwoodiana

Hedera Helix

Hedera Helix var. arborescens

Hedera Helix var. Crippsi

Hedera Helia var. latifolia

Hedera Helix var. palmata

Humulus Lupulus

Hydrangea petiolaris

Ipomoea pandurata

Jasminum nudiflorum

Jasminum offici

Lathyrus latifolius

Lonicera brachypoda

Lonicera Caprifolium

Lonicera flava

Common name

Silver sweet vine
Variegated Virginia creeper
Japanese ivy

Virginia creeper
Turquoise berry vine
Boston ivy

Wild bean
Dutchman’s pipe

Madeira vine
Scarlet-flowered clematis
Curled-sepaled clematis
Sweet-scented virgin’s bower

Large-flowered clematis
Jackman’s clematis

Wooly clematis

Oriental clematis
Virgin’s bower
Open-flowered clematis

American virgin’s bower
Traveler’s joy
Purple virgin’s bower

False bittersweet
Gourd

Cinnamon vine
American wild yam
Spindle tree |

English ivy
Tree ivy
Silver queen

Hop

Climbing hydrangea
Man-of-the-earth
Naked-flowering Jasmine
Jasmine

Everlasting pea

52 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Botanical name Common name
Lonicera japonica Honeysuckle
Lonicera japonica var. aurea Honeysuckle
Lonicera japonica var. chinensis Honeysuckle
Lonicera japonica var, Halliana Honeysuckle
Lonicera perictymenum var.

belgica Woodbine
Lonicera sempervirens Trumpet honeysuckle
Lycium barbarum Matrimony vine
Lyctum chinense Chinese box thorn
Menispermum canadense Moonseed
Passiflora caerulea Passion vine
Passiflora incarnata Wild passion flower
Periploca graeca Silk vine
Polygonum baldshuanicum Knot weed
Pueraria Thunbergiana Kudzu vine
Smilax hispida Bamboo brier
Solanum Dulcamara Bittersweet
Tecoma grandiflora . Trumpet vine
Tecoma radicans Trumpet creeper
Vitis aestivalis Summer grape
Vitis arborea
Vitis Berlandieri Winter grape
Vitis bicolor Blue grape
Vitis Champinii
Vitis Coignetiae Crimson glory vine

Vitis cordifolia
Vitis Henryana
Vitis Labrusca
Vitis megalophylla

Vitis rotundifolia American bull grape

Vitis Thomsonii

Vitis vulpina Frost grape

Wistaria sinensis Chinese wistaria

Wistaria sinensis yar. alba

Wistaria frutescens American wistaria
Wistaria multijuga Japanese loose-clustered wistaria

Trained Fruit Trees—The central walk of the economic
garden is lined with trees of apple, pear, peach, plum, cherry,
nectarine, and gooseberry, trained in various ways. The
modes of training upon espaliers are cordon, fan-shaped,
gridiron, and verrier. In a cordon two branches are per-
mitted to develop, each attached to a single wire. A short
trunk with several branches radiating from its top in a single
plane constitutes the fan-shaped espalier. In gridiron train-
ing two main horizontal branches ascend in the form of a
gridiron. The verrier system consists of developing two or
more sets of horizontal branches, emanating from the main
trunk, one above the other, the ends being bent upwards
into vertical shoots. Tree training of this sort is essentially
an Old-World custom, having been evolved under intensive
culture and patient hand-work. Only painstaking care and
thorough understanding of the fruiting habits will lead to
any degree of success.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 53

Cut-flower Border— Many annuals and perennials are
desirable not only for the pleasing effects produced in
masses, but also because of the quantity of cut-flowers pro-.
duced which may be used for home decorating.

The representative collection grown in the cut-flower
border does not exhaust the list of plants possible, but is
comprehensive enough for general purposes.

CUT-FLOWER BORDER

Common name
African marigold

Botanical name
Tagetes patula

Aster Aster patens
Aster Aster nova-angliae
Aster Aster “St. Egwin”

Bachelor’s button
Bachelor’s button

Centaurea Cyanus
Gomphrena globosa

Beard-tongue Pentstemon barbatus
Blanket flower Gaillardia grandiflora
Blazing star Liatris elegans

Blazing star Liatris scariosa
Bleeding-heart Dicentra spectabilis
Candytuft Iberis umbellata
Candytuft Iberis sempervirens
Canterbury bells Campanula Medium
China aster Callistephus chinensis
Chinese bellflower Platycodon grandiflorum
Chrysanthemum Chrysanthemum uliginosum
Clarkia Clarkia elegans
Columbine Aquilegia vulgaris
Columbine Aquilegia chrysantha
Columbine Aquilegia canadensis
Coral bells Heuchera sanguinea
Cone-flower Rudbeckia bicolor
Cone-flower Rudbeckia triloba
Cone-flower Rudbeckia subtomentosa
Corn poppy Papaver Rhoeas

Cosmos Cosmos bipinnatus
Dahlia Dahlia coccinea
Everlasting flower Helichrysum monstrosum
Everlasting Acroclinium roseum
False dragon-head Physostegia virginiana

Farewell-to-spring ©
Four o’clock

Godetia amoena
Mirabilis Jalapa

Foxglove Digitalis purpurea
Heliopsis Heliopsis Pitcheriana
Hollyhock Althaea rosea

Japanese false goat’s beard
Larkspur

Astilbe japonica
Delphinium grandiflorum var.
chinense

Larkspur Delphinium formosum
Lavatera Lawatera trimestris
Lupine Lupinus nanus
Madonna lily Lilium candidum
Maltese cross Lychmis chalcedonica

Marigold, African
Mexican tulip poppy
' Mignonette

Tagetes erecta : :
Hunnemannia fumariaefolia
Reseda odorata

54 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Common name
Mist flower
Monk’s hood
Mourning bride
Mullein pink
Peony
Periwinkle
Petunia
Phlox
Phlox
Poppy, California
Poppy, oriental
Red-hot poker plant
Sea lavender
Shasta daisy
Silver thistle
Snapdragon
Sneezeweed
Soapwort
Stocks
Stokes’ aster
Sunflower
Sunflower
Sweet Sultan
Sweet William
Tickseed
Tickseed
Tobacco
Yellow day-lily
Youth-and-old-age

Botanical name
Eupatorium ageratoides
Aconitum autumnale
Scabiosa caucasica
Lychnis Coronaria
Paeonia officinalis
Vinca rosea
Petunia (mixed)

Phlox paniculata (pink)
Phlox paniculata (white)
Eschscholizia californica
Papaver orientale
Tritoma Pfitzerir

Statice Limonium
Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum
Eryngium amethystinum
Antirrhinum (mixed)
Helenium autumnale
Saponaria Vaccaria
Matthiola incana
Stokesia cyanea
Helianthus annuus
Helianthus mollis
Centaurea moschata
Dianthus barbatus
Coreopsis lanceolata
Coreopsis coronata
Nicotiana affinis
Hemerocallis flava
Zinnia elegans

IRIS

This showy, hardy outdoor plant is very popular, and its
common, less expensive varieties are extensively used. It
is to be regretted, however, that advantage is so rarely taken
of the many beautiful new forms which have been intro-
duced into this country. The comprehensive collection, at
the Missouri Botanical Garden, located in the central section
of the perennial garden, in front of the Linnean house, rep-
resents most of the common and many rare types, and
should prove of value in popularizing some of the better
varieties which are not as yet very widely known.

The iris may be popularly divided into three classes:
German or tuberous rooted, Japanese or fibrous rooted, and
Spanish or bulbous.

In the German group may be included Iris germanica, I.
florentina, I. pallida, I. flavescens, I. plicata, I. neglecta, I.
lurida, I. sambucina, I. squalens, and 1. hybrida. Owing to
their diversity of origin, the varieties of this group range in
color from pure white through mauve and blue to purple.
The flower stalks are branched, extending above the light
green, flat, sword-like leaves. Two flowers are usually borne
on a stem, the inner segments curved inward, the outer curv-

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 55

ing outward with a tuft of hairs near the base. The flower-
ing period extends from late May through June.

The Japanese iris (I. laevigata or I, Kaempferi) differs
from the German group in possessing fibrous roots, some-
what more slender, parallel leaves, and flat, expanded flowers
free of the crest of hair, ranging in color from white through
purple and blue. A moist, cool location is desirable for best
results. The flowering season begins in June and continues
through July.

The Spanish iris (J. Xiphiwm and I. Xiphoides), a
dwarf, bulbous form, partly hardy, is effective because of
strong color contrasts and numerous flowers. The flowers,
appearing in May and June, are borne singly, having re-
curved segments, the outer being broader and of more bril-
lant hue.

The iris is easily grown. Any rich, moist, light soil will
give satisfactory results, though the Japanese types require
a greater degree of moisture. The common metho of
propagation is by division of the roots, early in the fall or
spring. It is preferable that this be done in the fall in order
that the plants may be established in the ground before
winter, After the ground freezes a light mulch of manure
or litter will help prevent heaving and loss of plants. Divi-
sion of the clumps every three years is desirable, especially
in the case of the tuberous iris, to avoid the matting and
gradual elevation of the roots to the surface of the ground.
Thorough cultivation should be practiced during the entire
growing season. ge

Despite the numerous varieties of iris there is room for
betterment through hybridization. Pollination is effected
by removing the anthers when the flower first opens. and
preserving bea in vials until ready to apply to the stigma
of the flower selected for pollination, the anthers of the
female parent having previously been removed and the en-
tire bloom covered with cheese-cloth or a paper bag to pre-
vent insect pollination. The pollen is usually viable for the
period of a week. The stigma is located near the apex of
the petal-like style and is ready for pollination when the
upper edge drops down and exposes the upper surface. The
seeds germinate readily, being either sown in the open ground
in the fall or started indoors in the winter and planted out
in the spring. Two or three years are required before flowers
appear, :

The Garden collection is arranged botanically as follows:

SUBGENUS EVANSIA
(CHARACTERIZED BY A SLENDER CREEPING RHIZOME, THE
OUTER SEGMENTS OF FLOWERS DISTINCTLY CRESTED)
Tris cristata, dwarf blue Tris tectorum, lilac

56 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

SUBGENUS POGONIRIS

(CHARACTERIZED BY A SHORT THICK RHIZOME, AND OUTER
SEGMENTS OF FLOWERS BEARDED)

Iris pumila var. atroviolacea, deep
purple

Iris pumila var. caerulea, sky-blue

Iris pumila var. lutea, yellow

Iris pumila var. alba, white

Iris pumila var. hybrida, white

Iris biflora, purple

Iris hybrida “Balceng,” white

Iris hybrida “Bridesmaid,” white

Iris hybrida “Canary-bird,” bright
yellow

Iris hybrida “Eburna,” white ©

Iris hybrida “Josephine,” white

Iris variegata “Ada,” canary-
yellow

Iris variegata “Adonis,” yellow

Iris variegata “Beaconsfield,”
crimson

Iris variegata “Ganymede,” yel-
low

Tris variegata “Marie Corelli,”
primrose-yellow

Iris variegata “Mrs. Neubronner,”
yellow

Iris variegata “Princess of Teck,”
yellow

Iris amoena “Donna Maria,” white

Iris amoena “Innocenza,” ivory-
white

Iris amoena “Jungfrau,” white

Iris amoena “Mrs. H. Darwin,”
white

Iris amoena var. reticulata alba,
violet

Iris amoena “Victorine,” blue

Iris pallida “King Edward,” blue

“ pallida var. dalmatica, laven-
er

Tris pallida “Albert Victor,” blue

aad pallida “Glory of Hillegom,”

ue

Tris pallida “Her Majesty,” rose-
pink

Tris pallida “Khedive,” lavender

Iris pallida “Madame Pacquitte,”
claret

Iris pallida “Leonidas,” mauve

Iris neglecta var. amabilis, pale
lilae

Tris neglecta “Cottage Maid,” sil-
very blue

Iris neglecta “Florence Barr,”
rose-lilac

Iris neglecta “Frederick,” laven-
der

Iris neglecta “Othello,” dark blue

Iris neglecta “Wm. Wallace,” blue

Iris squalens “A. F, Barron,”
bronze

Tris squalens “Bronze Beauty,”
yellow

Iris squalens “Dr, Bernice,” cop-

r

ie squalens “Gypsy Queen,”
smoked pearl

Iris squalens “Lord Grey,” rose-
fawn

Tris squalens “Mr. Shaw,” fawn

Iris squalens “Sir Walter Scott,”
bronze-yellow

Tris albicans, white

Iris albicans var. Biliottii, blue-

purple
Iris fansinenn yellow
Iris florentina, creamy white

Tris lurida, mahogany

Iris sambucina, coppery rose

Iris trojana, pale blue

Iris plicata “Agnes,” white

Iris plicata “Bleu Parfleur,” dark
blue

Iris plicata “Hebe,” white

Iris plicata “Madame Chereau,”
white

Iris plicata “Sappho,” white

Iris plicata “Sparte,” pearly lav-
ender

Iris germanica “Argus,” dark

urple :

Iris germanica “Kharput,” violet

Iris germanica “Major,” purple-
blue

SUBGENUS APOGON
(CHARACTERIZED BY A FIBROUS ROOT SYSTEM WITH NO
BEARD OR CREST UPON THE SEGMENTS OF FLOWERS,
THOUGH THEY ARE SOMETIMES PUBESCENT)

Iris longipetala, violet-blue

Iris sibirica, blue :

Iris sibirica “Distinction,” violet
Iris sibirica var. grandis, violet

Iris sibirica var. lactea, milky
white

Iris missouriensis, lilac

Iris fulva, coppery maroon

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 57

Tris versicolor, violet-blue

Iris orientalis, brilliant blue

Tris orientalis “Blue King,” blue

Tris orientalis “Snow Queen,”
ivory-white

Tris orientalis var. gigantea (och-
roleuca), yellow

Tris aurea

Tris spuria, lilac-blue

Tris spuria var. alba, white

Iris laevigata (Kaempferi)
“Chadai,” white

Tris laevigata “Fascination,” blue

Tris laevigata “Hodai,” violet-blue

Tris laevigata “Hanaaoi,” blue

Iris laevigata “Hino Dezurn,”
white

Iris laevigata “T. S. Ware,” gar-
net

Iris laevigata “Koko-No-Iro,”
royal purple

Iris laevigata “Meiran,” lavender

Tris laevigata “Osho-Kun,” Tyrian
blue

Iris laevigata “Samidare,” violet-
blue

Iris laevigata “Shiratki,” silver-
white

Tris laevigata “Senjo-No-Hara,”
erimson

Iris laevigata “Tora-Odori,” purple

Iris laevigata “Tsurigi-No-Mai,”
blue-purple

Iris laevigata “Triumph,” maroon

Iris laevigata “Uchui,” purple

Iris laevigata “Wm. Tell,” blue

Iris laevigata “Yomo-No-Umi,”
lavender-blue

Iris laevigata “Yedo-Jiman,” blue

NOTES

Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the Garden, gave a talk
on “Gardening” before The Town Club on April 13.

Mr. W. S. Wells gave a talk on “Thrift Gardens” before the
Bryan-Mullanphy Parent-Teachers’ Association, on April 9.

Miss Clara Fuhr, former pupil in the School for Garden-
ing, has been appointed Leader of Boys’ and Girls’ Clubs in
St. Louis County and surrounding towns.

Dr. E. A. Burt, Librarian and Mycologist to the Garden,
is visiting the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University,
where he will spend several weeks in research work. |

Mr. G. H. Pring, Floriculturist to the Garden, gave a talk
on “Vegetable Planting” at a mass meeting of the St. Louis
Association of Gardeners, at the Public Library, April 3.

Mr. C. W. Dodge, Rufus J. Lackland Fellow 1917-18, and
Mr. P. A. Kohl, former pupil in the School for Gardening,

have entered army service.

ing at Camp Devon, Mass. ; an

Mr. Dodge will receive his train-
d Mr. Kohl at Camp Grant, Il.

Mr. Alexander Lurie, Horticulturist to the Garden, pub-

lished an article durin
Woman” on “Thrift Ga

the month in “The Missouri
ens” ;

and an article on “Planting”

was contributed by him to the April number of the “Garden

Magazine.”

Mr. Alexander Lurie, Horticulturist to the Garden, talked
on “Diseases and Insects Injurious to Thrift Gardens” at a
mass meeting of the St. Louis Association of Gardeners, at
the Public Library, April 3; and_on April 4, he spoke
at a meeting of the East St. Louis Civic Association, at the
East St. Louis High School, on “Trees.”

58 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Volume V, Number 1, of the Annals of the Missouri
Botanical Garden has appeared during the month, with the
following contents:

“Rhizopogon in North America,” S. M. Zeller and Carroll
W. Dodge.

“Monograph of the North and Central American Species
of the Genus Senecio—Part II,” J. M. Greenman.

STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR MARCH, 1918

GARDEN ATTENDANCE:

Total number Of VIsitOrs. 6 oss oS cas os Wis pace See ees 20,550 ©
PLANT ACCESSIONS:

Total number of packets of seeds received in exchange..... 211

Total number of plants and seeds received as gifts.......- 103

PLANT DISTRIBUTION:
Total number of plants and seeds distributed in exchange.. 116

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS:

Total number of books and pamphlets bought...........-. 28
Total number of books and pamphlets donated...........- 103
HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS:
By Purchase — :
B; F. Bush—Plants of Missouri... .0. 6s ce bie e tec enes 488
Rev. John Davis—Plants of South Carolina............-> 117
Rev. John Davis—Plants of California................-- 89
By Exchange —
College de Longueuil, by Bro. Marie-Victorin—Plants chiefly
from: Quebec; Canada) i si otis econ 374

University of Wisconsin, by Dr. J. J. Davis—“Fungi Wis-
consinenses Exsiceati,” Decade V, Nos. 41-50, inclusive.. 10
By Gift —
B. F. Bush—Plants of Missouri, collected by Rev. John

DOVIS= ciara is ices ON eka ee) tan ae pes CHESS Eee et 101
Mrs. Joseph Clemens—Fungi of Oklahoma and Texas (24),
and one specimen of Polypodium sp. from Borneo.... --. 25
J. A. Drushel—Plants of Colorado and Utah.............- 4
John Macoun—Polyporaceae of British Columbia........- 43
Geo. L. Moxley—Plants of California................+-: 16
Dr. J. R. Weir—Fungi from Montana.............-.++++ ll
TOTAL Sey ode oa ck eieeeeean cee eae 1,278

The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New
Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas—week days from 8:00
A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from December to April,
1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to December, 2.00 P. M. until sunset.

The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue
and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer
south from all intersecting lines.

STAFF |
OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

Director,

GEORGE T. MOORE.

‘BENJAMIN Mince Duccar, — ~__ Epwarp A, Burt,

Physiologist in charge of Graduate Labotatory: Mycologist and Librarian. ,
HERMANN VON SCHRENK, ANNE W. Davis,
Pathologist. 5 : a Research Assistant.
Jesse M. GREENMAN, _ _Karuerine H. Leicn,
Curator of the Herbarium. Secretary ‘to the Director.

JAMES GURNEY,
Head Gardener, Emeritus.

Joun: NoYes,

Landscape Designer.

ALEXANDER LURIE,

Horticulturist.
G. H. Prine,
_Floriculturist.
_J. J. Covcuun, - W. F. LAnéan,
Construction. r Engineer.
_, P. FOERSTER, H. VALLENTINE,

Farm and Stables. : Carpenter.

Een? oe

MlussouRI BOT ANI CAL :
GARDEN [BULLETIN

~ Vol. VI MAY, 1918 No. 5

CONTENTS

Gift of Plants by Mr. D.S. Brown © - - - =
Winter Injury to Plants inthe Garden’ - =~ - 69
4. i Skatistionh Thformation 30-5 CeO aii ee

}

4918 pater
PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES

BREE Be. - {SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: — Be aie a
ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR "SINGLE NUMBERS TEN CENTS :

BOARD OF TRUSTEES
OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

7

AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF
<ee EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, is SELF-PERPETUATING.

President,
EDWARDS WHITAKER, |

“ Vice-President,
DAVID 8. H. SMITH.

~ Epwarp C. Eur, - LEONARD MATTHEWS.
_ Groroz €. Hrrencocx. . | Wiuuam H. Hé Petrus.
i P Cuoureau Marrrrr, fy ; Pure C. SCANLAN.

EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS

ene aks ee See -. Georce T. Moore, |

THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL,

he mariah an besos cat eA e President of The Academy af Science of cate

" Ricuarp Murrny,

erent aan toa: Seen tes President of te Doar of Baneaton of *

ie ut ‘St. Louis.
Dawu 8. Torres,
_ Bio of te Dire of Mion

‘ >

| Cuaries A. Roz, Secretary ao

CATTLEYA DUSSELDORFFEI

VAR.

UNDINE.

‘9 “IOA “ITN ‘duvy ‘Log ‘off

“ST6T

'CALVIg

Missouri Botanical
Garden Bulletin

Vol. VI St. Louis, Mo., May, 1918 No. 5

GIFT OF PLANTS BY MR. D. 8. BROWN

Through the generosity of Mr. D. S. Brown, of Kirkwood,
Missouri, the Missouri Botanical Garden has become the
possessor of the major portion of his magnificent collection
of orchids, palms, cycads, and various other plants. In fact,
with the exception of the cypripediums, all the contents of
Mr. Brown’s greenhouses are now to be found at the Garden.

For a period of more than thirty years Mr. Brown has
been interested in bringing together rare and valuable
plants, and he has been successful to a degree seldom equaled
by any individual, his collection being recognized through-
out the world as one of the finest of its kind in existence.
It is impossible to refer particularly to the vast number of
interesting plants which he has given to the Garden, but
those familiar with the various groups will be able to gain
from the lists printed below some idea of the importance of
his contribution and of the magnitude of the collection of
orchids, palms, ete., now to be found at the Missouri Botan-
ical Garden.

Among the more notable orchids may be mentioned the
extremely rare pure albino forms represented by Cattleya
poor) 38 var. Undine (Cattleya intermedia alba X
Cattleya Mossiae Wageneri) raised by Capt. Holford, of
England. Both of the white parents were also donated.
Cattleya Skinneri var. alba is another of the white types, as
well as numerous plants of Dendrobium virginale. Other
rare varieties include numerous brassocattleyas, the best of
which is Brassocattleya Veitchii var. Queen Alexandra. —
These hybrids were derived by crossing Brassavola Digbyana
with mauve-colored cattleyas, resulting in the brilliantly
tinted flowers with fringed lips. Also included were nu-
merous plants of the hybrids Brassolaelia, Sophrocattleya,
and Laeliocattleya, the last-named being especially useful
for the floral display in the orchid alcoves. :

Among the palms contributed, three stand out as most
rare: Kentia Brownii is the only palm of its kind in exist-
ence to-day and Bismarckia nobilis is found in but few col-

(59)

60 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

lections, while Phytelephas macrocarpa (ivory-nut palm) is
interesting because of the use of its seeds as a substitute for
ivory in making buttons. Some of the huge specimens re-
quired extreme care in transportation; a thirty-foot Caryota
urens (fish-tail palm) with graceful, fern-like foliage; a
thirty-foot Phoenix dactylifera (fruiting date palm), which
bears fruit every year; and a giant forty-foot Livistona
chinensis (cabbage palm) being among those safely estab-
lished at the Garden. The additions to the Garden collection
we ash which was already unusually complete, are listed
elow:

Acanthophoeniz crinita — Kentiopsis macrocarpa
Acrocomia mexicana Livistona Hoogendorpii
Archontophoenix Alexandrae Livistona humilis

Areca furfuracea Martinezia corallina
Arenga Engleri Martinezia erosa
Bismarckia nobilis Mazimiliana Maripa
Brahea macrocarpa Phoenix rupicola
Calamus erectus Phoenix zeylanica
Caryota Mooreana Phytelephas macrocarpa —
Caryota urens Rhapis flabelliformis variegata
Cocos Bonneti Sabal Blackburniana
Howea Belmoreana aurea Sabal oleraceum

Howea Belmoreana variegata Thrinaz Chuco

Jubaea spectabilis Thrinaxz elegantissima
Kentia Brownii Thrinax radiata

As the result of the addition of several large tree ferns
donated by Mr. Brown, the appearance of the fern house is
more attractive than ever. The two most noteworthy plants
are Cyathea medullaris (thirty feet) and Cyathea dealbata
(twenty feet). Some of the rare ferns are: Cyathea deal-
bata, Cyathea medullaris, Dicksonia antarctica, Dicksonia
Chamissoi, Dicksonia regalis, Dicksonia squarrosa, and Dick-
sonia Wendlandi Verachaffelti.

The Garden collection of cycads, considered the most_com-
plete in this country, has been augmented by the addition
of the following rare species: Cycas Bellefonti, Cycas Michol-
itzii, Cycas siamensis, Encephalartos Lehmannii, and Macro-
zamia plumosa.

The specimen of the common cycad, Cycas revoluta (sago
palm), deserves special mention, it being at least three hun-
dred years old and unusually well rancted: This plant was
exhibited by the Japanese Government at the Pan-American
Exposition in Buffalo, in 1900, where it was acquired by
Mr. Brown.

Several araucarias, not previously possessed sf fe Garden,
are: Araucaria Cookii, Araucaria Cunninghamii, Arav-
caria excelsa var. Goldieana, Araucaria excelsa var. Muelleri,
and Araucaria Rulei.

PLATE 6.

Mo. Bor. GARD. BULL., VOL. 6, 1918.

MR. D. S. BROWN IN HIS ORCHID HOUSE AT KIRKWOOD.

s
2
w
°
“iy
go
ae
>
a
2
ee)
aq
re
p
<
©
3s
o
os
=
-

MOVING A SPECIMEN OF LIVISTONA CHINENSIS TO THE GARDEN.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 61

Numerous anthuriums, both of the flowering and varie-
gated-leaved varieties, as well as a comprehensive collection
of nepenthes (pitcher plants), were also included.

_ The gift of Mr. Brown has placed in the possession of the
Garden the most complete collection of orchids in the United
States. Exclusive of the cypripediums, 115 genera and 691

species are represented.

ORCHIDS, EXCLUDING CYPRIPEDIUMS AND SELENIPEDIUMS,
IN GARDEN COLLECTION

(Nomenclature that of Rolfe and Hurst, The Orchid Stud Book, and
Sander’s Orchid Guide.)

Acampe multiflora

Aerides Ballantineanum*

Aerides expansum*

Aerides expansum var. Leonaei

Aerides longiculcaratum

Aerides faleatum

Aerides Fieldingis

Aerides Houlletianum

Aerides multiflorum*

Aerides odoratum*

Aerides odoratum var. majus

Aerides odoratum var. purpur-
ascens*

Aerides quinquevulnerum

Aerides Sanderianum

Aerides Savageanum*

Aerides speciosa*

Aerides suavissimum

Aerides virens*

Aerides virens var. Dayanum

Aerides virens var. Ellisii*

Aerides virens var. purpurascens

Amblostoma sp.

Angraecum Chailluanum

Angraecum distichum

Angraecum Dubuysonti

Angraecum eburneum*

Angraecum Hichlerianum

Angraecum Humblott

Angraecum modestum

Angraecum Sanderianum*

Angraecum Scottianum

Angraecum sesquipedale

Angraecum superbum

Anguloa Ruckert

Arpophylium gigantewm

Barkeria elegans
Bifrenaria Harrisoniae
Bletia sp.

Brassavola cucullata
Brassavola cuspidata

* Gift of D. S. Brown.
1G.H.= Garden hybrid.

Brassavola Digbyana
Brassavola nodosa

- Brassavola venosa

Brassia Lawrenceana var. long-
issima

Brassia maculata

Brassia verrucosa

Brassocattleya X Cordelia var.
(B. Digbyana X OC. intermedia
alba)* G.H.*

Brassocattleya X Empress of Rus-
sia (B. Digbyana X C. Men-
delii)* G.H.

Brassocattleya < Empress of Rus-
sia var. (B. Digbyana X C. Men-
delii alba g )* G.H.

Brassocattleya X Holfordii (B.
tan x OC. Forbestt Q )*
G

Brassocattleya X Leemanniae (B.
Digbyana X C. Dowiana)* 'G.H.

Brassocattleya < Mariae (B. Dig-
byana X OC. Warneri)* G.H.

Brassocattleya X Maronae (B. Dig-
byana X C. Warscewiczii) G.H.

Brassocattleya X Pluto (B. Dig-
byana X C. granulosa)* G.H.

Brassocattleya xX Siren (B. Dig-
byana X C. Skinneri)* G.H.

Brassocattleya X Veitchit (B.
Digbyana X OC. Mossiae Q )
G.H.

Brassocattleya X Veitchii var.

Alexandra (B. Digbyana

x C. Mossiae Wageneri)* G.H.

Brassolaelia X Gratriviae (B.

Digbyana X IL. cinnabarina)*
G.H.

62 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Brassolaelia X Helen (B. Dig-
byana X L. tenebrosa 9 )* G.H.
Brassolaelia X hybrid (B. Dig-
byana X L. grandis 9 )* G.H.
Brassolaelia X hybrid (B. Dig-
byana X L. majalis)* G.H.
Brassolaelia xX Veitchii (B. Dig-
byana X L. purpurata)* G.H.
Broughtonia sanguinea
Bulbophyllum sp.
Bulbophyllum Careyanum
Bulbophyllum Cassiopeia?
Bulbophyllum cupreum
Bulbophyllum fuscum
Bulbophyllum Lobbii
Bulbophyllum Medusae
Bulbophyllum Pechei
Bulbophyllum recurvum

Calanthe Laselliana? G.H.

Calanthe Orpetiana G.H.

Calanthe X Whiteana G.H.

Calanthe X Bryan
rubro oculata X C. Regnieri
Williamsii) G.H.

Calanthe X Bryan var. Wm. Mur-
ray (C. vestita rubro oculata <
C. Regnieri Williamsii) G.H.

Calanthe X hybrid G.H.

Calanthe Regnieri :

Calanthe Regnieri var. Williamsii

Calanthe X Veitchii (C. rosea x
C. vestita) G.H.

Calanthe X Veitchiit var. Sand-
hurstiana (C. rosea X C. ves-
tita rubro oculata) G.H.

Calanthe vestita var. Turneri

Catasetum sp.

Catasetum Christyanum

Catasetum ciliatum

Catasetum macrocarpum

Catasetum macrocarpum var.
folium variegatum

Catasetum maculatum :

Catasetum maculatum var. Wail-
esit

Catasetum maculatum var. luteo-
purpureum

Catasetum Oerstedii

Catasetum planiceps

Catasetum pileatum

Catasetum X splendens (OC. ma-
crocarpum X OC. pileatum)
N.H.*

Catasetum tabulare

Catasetum trifidum

Catasetum viride-flacum

* Gift of D. S. Brown.
*N.H.= Natural hybrid.

(C. vestita

Cattleya X Alfredi var. (C. Tri-
anae alba X OC. granulosa)*
G.H.

Cattleya X Armstrongiae (C.
Loddigestt X C. X Hardyana)*
G.H.

Cattleya aurantiaca

Cattleya bicolor

Cattleya X Boadicea (C. Gas-
kelhana K C. X Hardyana)*
G.H.

Cattleya Bowringiana

Cattleya xX Browniae (C. Bow-
ringiana X OC. Harrisoniana) *
G.H.

Cattleya (Brownhurst seedling) *
G.H

Cattleya X Cooksonii var. (C.
Trianae alba XK OC. X Hardy-
ana alba)* G.H. |

Cattleya X Daphne (C. Harrison-
iana X C. Schilleriana)* G.H.

Cattleya Deckeri

Cattleya Dowiana

Cattleya K Dusseldorffet var. Un-
dine (C. intermedia alba X C.
Mossiae Wageneri)* G.H.

Cattleya < Edwardi (C. Schiller-
tanag X CC. Warscewiczii)*
G.H.

Cattleya X Ella (C. bicolor x C.
Warscewiczii)* G.H.

Cattleya Eldorado var. Wallisii

Cattleya Forbesti

Cattleya Gaskelliana

Cattleya Gaskelliana var. alba*

Cattleya Gaskelliana var. albes-
cens*

Cattleya guttata var. Leopoldi

Cattleya Harrisoniana

Cattleya X hybrid (C. Dubuy-
soniana X C. labiata)* G.H.

Cattleya X hybrid (C. xX Har-
dyana X C. velutina)* G.H.

Cattleya intermedia

Cattleya intermedia. var. alba*

Cattleya < Iris (C. Dowiana X
C. bicolor 9g )* G.H.

Cattleya labiata

Cattleya labiata var. albescens*

Cattleya Leopoldi

Cattleya Lindleyana

Cattleya X Luceaniana (C. Har-
risoniana X CO. Leopoldi) G.H.

Cattleya Luedd iana

Cattleya (Manda’s seedling) *

Cattleya maxima

‘MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 63

Cattleya Mendelit

Cattleya Mendelii var. Wilsoni*

Cattleya X Moira (C. X Fabia
x CO. X Mantinii)* G.H.

Cattleya Mossiae

Cattleya Mossiae var. Conference*

Cattleya Mossiae var. Wageneri
Kee.
G.H.

Cattleya* N.H.

Cattleya < O’Brieniana var. alba
(C. dolosa. X C. Loddigesii)*
G.H. ‘

Cattleya X Patrociana var. aurea
(C. Leopoldi 9g X OC. Loddi-
gesti)* G.H.

Cattleya Percivaliana

Cattleya quadricolor*

Cattleya quadricolor var. alba*

Cattleya Xx Rafaeliae var. alba
(C. Dowiana 9 X C. Trianae)*
G.H.

Cattleya Rea*

Cattleya < Robert de Wavrin var.
Westonbert (C. Schilleriana X
C. Schroederae)* G.H. :

Catileya x Rothschildiana (C.
Dowiana X C. Gaskelliana) *
G.H.

Cattleya Schroederae

Cattleya Schroederae var. alba*

Cattleya Schroederae var. albes-

*

cens

Cattleya Schroederae var. Brown-
hurst*

Cattleya seedling

Cattleya seedling (Roehr’s white
var.) *

Cattleya Skinneri

Cattleya Skinneri var. alba*

Cattleya Skinneri var. alba mag-

.: *

nifica

Cattleya X Stuartit var. (C.
Mendelii magnifica X C. Moss-
iae) G.H.

Cattleya X suavior var. (OC. in-
termedia alba X C. Mendelit)

Cattleya superba

Cattleya X Thayeriana var. (C.
intermedia alba 9 X C. Schroed-
erae)* G.H.

Cattleya Trianae

Cattleya Trianae var. albescens*

Cattleya Trianae var. delicata*

Cattleya Trianae (dark var.)*

Cattleya Trianae var. pallida

Cattleya Trianae (Roehr’s type)*

_ * Gift of D. 8. Brown.

Mossiae var. Wageneri* -

Cattleya Trianae var. Schroed-
erae*

Cattleya Xx Victoria Regina (C.
labiata X C. Leopoldii pernam-
bucensis) G.H.

Cattleya Warscewiczit

Cattleya XxX Williamsiit (C. Gas-
kelliana X C. Harrisoniana Q )
G.H.

Chysis sp.*

Chysis bractescens

Chysis X Chelsoni (C. bractescens
xX C. laevis) G.H.

Cirrhopetalum Lendyanum?

Cirrhopetalum maculosum ‘

Cirrhopetalum Thouarsii

Cirrhopetalum vaginatum

Coelia Baueriana

Coelia triptera

Coelogyne asperata

Coelogyne barbata

Coelogyne cristata var. alba

Coelogyne Dayana

Coelogyne fimbriata

Coelogyne flaccida

Coelogyne fuscescens

Coelogyne graminifolia

Coelogyne lactea

Coelogyne lentiginosa

Joelogyne Massangeana

Coelogyne ovalis

Coelogyne pandurata

Coelogyne psittacina

Coelogyne Rhodeana

Coelogyne Rossiana —

Coelogyne speciosa

Coelogyne speciosa var. major

Coelogyne Swaniana

Coelogyne tomentosa

Coryanthes macrantha

Cyenoches Warscewiczit

Cymbidium affine

Cymbidium aloifolium

Cymbidium Devonianum

Cymbidium xX eburneo-Lowianum
(C. eburneum X OC. Lowia-
num)* G.H.

Oymbidium elegans

Cymbidium ensifolium

Cymbidium Finlaysonianum

Cymbidium giganteum var.
Traceyanum

Oymbidium insigne

Cymbidium lancifolium

Cymbidium Lowianum

Cymbidium pendulum

Cymbidium sinense

Cymbidiwm Traceyanum

64

Cymbidium tigrinum
Cyrtopodium sp,
Cyrtopodium Andersonis
Cyrtopodium Godseffianum*

Dendrobium sp.*
Dendrobium aggregatum
Dendrobium X< Ainsworthii
aureum X D. nobile) G.H.
Dendrobium X Ainsworthii var.
Leechianum (D, aureum X D.
nobile Cypheri)* G.H.
Dendrobium X Ainsworthii var.
splendidissimum (D. aureum
x D. nobile albifiorum) G.H.
Dendrobium X< Ainsworthii var.
splendidissimum albens (D. au-
reum X D., nobile var.)* G.H.
Dendrobium X Ainsworthii var.
splendidissimum flavescens (D.
aureum X D. nobile var.)*
G.H.
Dendrobium X< Ainsworthii var.
splendidissimum — grandiflorum
(D. aureum X D. nobile var.)*

(D.

Dendrobium albo-sanguineum*

Dendrobium X Andromeda (D. X
Ainsworthti X D. X Cassiope)
G.H.

Dendrobium bigibbum

Dendrobium Cassiope (D. mon-
oe! a xX D. nobile albiflora)

Dendrobium chrysanthum

Dendrobium chrysotoxmum

Dendrobium clavatum

Dendrobium crassinode

Dendrobium crepidatum

Dendrobium crumenatum

Dendrobium Dalhousieanum

Dendrobium Dearei*

Dendrobium X dulce (D. aureum
x, D. Linawianum)* GH.

Dendrobium X< dulce Brownhurst
var. (D. aureum X D. Lin-
awianum)* G.H.

Dendrobium X Euryalus vor.
grandiflorum (D. X Ainsworthii
grandiflorum xX D. nobile no-
bilius)* G.H.

Dendrobium Euryalus var. mag-
nificum (D. X Ainsworthii x
D. nobile)* GH. '

Dendrobium Farmeri

Dendrobium fimbriatum

Dendrobium fimbriatum var. ocu-
latum

* Gift of D. S. Brown.

Dendrobium
teum
Dendrobium

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

formosum var. gigan-

x Gem (D. Aime-

worthii X D. aureum) G.H.

Dendrobium

< chlorostele (D.

Linawianum X D. Wardianum)

G.H.
Dendrobium
Dendrobium
Dendrobium
Dendrobium
Dendrobium
Dendrobium
Dendrobium
Dendrobium

gracile

gracilicaule

hybrid

hybridum*
Kingianum

Macraei
macrophyllum

x Melpomene (D. X

Ainsworthii splendidissimum X
D. signatum)* G.H.

Dendrobium moschatum

Dendrobium moschatum var. cup-
ersum*

Dendrobium nobile

Dendrobium nobile var. Ballia-
num

Dendrobium nobile var. Burford-
ense*

Dendrobium nobile var. Cookson-
tanum

Dendrobium nobile var. Domin-
tanum*

Dendrobium nobile var. elegans

Dendrobium nobile var. giganteum

Dendrobium nobile var. nobilius*

Dendrobium nobile var. pulchel-
lum

Dendrobium nobile var. R. Ash-
worth*

Dendrobium nobile var. Rappart-
ianum*

Dendrobium nobile var. roseum

Dendrobium nobile var. rotundi-
florum*

Dendrobium nobile var. rubellum

Dendrobium nobile var. Sander-
tanum

Dendrobium nobile (Thwaites’
var.)*

Dendrobium nobile var. virginale*

Dendrobium nobile var. virginale
alba*

Dendrobium nobile (Weetman’s
var.) *

Dendrobium Parishii

Dendrobium xX Perfection (D. X
Euryalus Apollo grandiflorum
< D. nobile nobilius)* G.H.

Dendrobium Phalaenopsis var.
Schroederianum

Dendrobium Pierardii

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 65

Dendrobium primulinum

Dendrobium regium*

Dendrobium xX Rolfae (D. nobile
xX D. primulinum) G.H.

Dendrobium Roxburghii

Dendrobium Sanderae*

Dendrobium X Schneiderianum
é D. aureum X Findlayanum)*

-H

Dendrobium secundum
Dendrobium superbum
Dendrobium thyrsiflorum
Dendrobium X Vulcan var. (D. X
chlorostele album X< D. Ward-
tanum album)* G.H.
Dendrobium Wardianum
Dendrobium X Wiganiae var.
album (D. nobile var. X D.
signatum var.)* G.H.
Diacrium bicornutum

Epidendrum sp.
Epidendrum alatum
Epidendrum alatum var. majus
Epidendrum anceps '
Epidendrum aromaticum
Epidendrum atropurpureum
Epidendrum atropurpureum

Epidendrum auritum
Epidendrum bifarum
_Epidendrum bractescens
Epidendrum Brassavolae
Epidendrum Candolle

var.

Epidendrum elongatum
Epidendrum falcatum
Epidendrum fragrans
Epidendrum X Kewense (2.

erectum X E. xcanthium) G.H.
Epidendrum microbulbon
Epidendrum nematocaulon
Epi m nemorale
Epidendrum nocturnum
Epidendrum X O’Brienianum (EB.

erectum X E. radicans) G.H.
Epidendrum ochraceum

t m odoratissimum
Epidendrum oncidioides
Epidendrum pachysepalum
Epidendrum Parkinsonianum

*Gift of D. S. Brown.

Epidendrum
Epidendrum
Epidendrum

Epidendrum
Epidendrum

ramosum
raniferum
rigidum
scabrum
Stamfordianum
tampense
tessellatum
umbellatum
variegatum
wanthinum

Epicattleya X Nebo (OC. Claesi-
ana X E. O’Brienianum) G.H.

Eria sp.

Eria albido-tomentosa

Eria flava

Eria gigantea

Eria stellata

Eria velutina

Eulophia monophylla

Gongora galeata
Gongora leucochila

Hartwegia purpurea
Hexadesmia crurigera

Laelia acuminata

Laelia anceps

Laelia anceps var.

Laelia anceps var. alba*

Laelia anceps var. Brilliant*

Laelia anceps (extra dark var.)*

Laelia anceps (extra large var.)*

Laelia anceps var. Hilliana*

Laelia anceps var. morada

Laelia anceps var. Sanderiana*

Laelia anceps var. Schroederiana®

Laelia anceps var. Stella

Laelia anceps var. vestalis

Laelia anceps (white lip)*

Laelia anceps (white var.)

Laelia autumnalis

Laelia Boothiana

Laelia crispa

Laclia X Euterpe (L. crispa X
L. Dayana) G.H.

Laelia harpophylla G.H.

Laelia glauca

Laelia Gouldiana*

Laelia grandis var. tenebrosa

Laelia Lindleyana*

Laelia X nigrescens (L. pumila 9
x L. tenebrosa) G.H.

Laelia X Pacavia (L. purpurata
x L. tenebrosa)* G.H.

66 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Laelia * Pacavia var. (lL. tene-
brosa (yellow) X L. purpurata
(white) )* G.H.

Laelia Perrinti

Laelia pumila var. praestans

Laelia purpurata

Laelia rubescens

Laelia superbiens

Laeliocattleya xX Acis (CO. Men-
deli < L. tenebrosa)* G.H.

Laeliocattleya X Aphrodite (C.
Mendelii Q X L. purpurata)
G.H.

Laeliocattleya X Astorae {C.
Gaskelliana X LL. sxanthina)
G.H.

Laeliocattleya X< Barbarossa (L.
C. X Callistoglossa x C. Tri-
anae)* G.H.

Laeliocattleya X Bedouin (L. pur-
purata X L. C. XK Hyeana)*
G.H.

Laeliocattleya % Bedouin var.
(L. C. X Hyeana splendens X
L. purpurata)* G.H.

Laeliocatileya X Bertha (L.
— x C. Schroederae)*

Laeliocattleya X Birkbeckii (L.
C. X Greenwoodii x OC. Men-

_ deli)* GH.

Laeliocattleya x Bletchleyensis
(C. Warscewiczii xX LL. tene-
brosa) G.H.

Laeliocattleya (Brownhurst seed-
ling)* G.H.

Laeliocattleya X Callistoglossa
(C. Warscewiczii X L. purpur-
ata) G.H.

Laeliocattleya X Canhamiana (.
Mossiae X L. purpurata) G.H.

Laeliocattleya * Canhamiana var.
(C. Mossiae alba x L. purpur-
ata alba)* G.H.

Laeliocattleya < Canhamiana yar.
(C. Mossiae Wageneri x L.
purpurata alba)* G.H.

Laeliocattleya X Chantinii var.
(C. X Hardyana X L. C. X
elegans Sibyl)* G.H.

Laeliocattleya X Clonia var. (C.
Warscewiczit X L. 0. X elegans
Schilleriana)* G.H.

Laeliocattleya X Constance (DL.
C. X Bletchleyensis % OC. Mos-
siae)* G.H.

Laeliocattleya xX D. 8. Brown

* Gift of D. S. Brown.

(C. Trianace xX L. C. xX ele-
gans)* G.H.

Laelhocattleya X D. 8, Brown
var. Martinetit (‘C. Trianae X<
L. C. X elegans)* G.H.

Laeliocattleya XX Dora (0.
Schroederae X L. GC. X Hip-
polyta)* G.H.

Laeliocattleya * elegans (C. Leo-
poldi xX JL. purpurata) N.H.

Laeliocattleya x elegans var.
Turnert (OC. Leopoldi X L.
purpurata)* N.H.

Laeliocattleya X Empress of Rus-
sia?* G.H.

Laeliocattleya xX Eva (C. Gas-
kelliana X* L. tenebrosa) G.H.
Laeliocattleya X exoniensis (C.
Mossiae X L, crispa)* G.H.
Laeliocattleya xX. Fascinator (C.
Schroederae xX IL. purpurata)

GB;

Laeliocattleya X Fascinator var.
(C. Schroederae alba X Laelia
purpurata)* GH.

Laeliocattleya X Fournierae (C.
Dowiana X L. C. X elegans 9 )
G.H.

Laeliocattleya xX Gottoiana (C.
Warnert < LL. tenebrosa)* G.H.

Laeliocattleya X Greenavoodii (C.
x Hardyana X L. C. * Schil-
lerianag )* G.H.

Laeliocattleya X Hildegard (C.
Warscewiczti X L. C. X De-
cia)* G.H. .

Laeliocattleya X_ hybrid (L. C.
x Bletchleyensis x OC. Gaskell-
jana)* G.H.

Laeliocattleya X hybrid (C. X
Hardyana X L,. C. X Green-
woodiu)* GH.

Laeliocattleya X hybrid (C. gigas
x L. C. X Greemvoodii)* G.H.

Laeliocattleya X hybrid (C. gigas
x L. C. X Endymion)* G.H.

_ Laeliocattleya xX hybrid (OC. X

Hardyana X L. C. X Green-
woodii)* G.H.

Laeliocattleya < hybrid (C. Gas-
kelliana X L. C. X Bletchley-
ensis)* GH.

Laeliocattleya hybrid (OC. War-
scewiceui X L. OC. X Endy-
mion)* GH.

Laeliocattleya X hybrid (C. War-
scewiczi X L. CO. X Green-
woodu)* G.H.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 67

Laeliocattleya X Hyeana (OC.
Lawrenceana X UL. purpur-
ata g )* G.H.

Laeliocattleya X Ingrami (C.
Dowiana X L. Dayana)* G.H.

Laeliocattleya xX Jeanette (C.
labiata X L. C. X Gottoiana)*
G.H.

Laeliocattleya X Kathleen (L. C.
x Canhamiana X OL. tene-
brosa)* G.H.

Laeliocattleya X Leoniae (C.
labiata X L. CO. X exonien-
sis)* G.H.

Laeliocattleya X Lucasiana (C.
labiata < L. tenebrosa)* G.H.

Laeliocattleya xX Lycidas (C.

eee x L. tenebrosa)*

Laeliocattleya X Mabel (C. Tri-
anae Q X L. tenebrosa)* G.H.

Laeliocattleya X Marquis de
Wavrin var, (L. OC. X elegans
Turnert X C. X Hardyana)*
G.H.

- Laeliocattleya xX Marquis de
Wavrin var. (L. C. X elegans
Sibyl x OC. X Hardyana)*
G.H.

Laeliocattleya X Martinetii (C.
Mossiae X L. tenebrosa)* G.H.

Laeliocattleya X Martinetii var.
(L. tenebrosa xX C. Mossiae
Wageneri)* G.H.

Laeliocattleya XX Massangeana
(C. Schilleriana X I. tene-
brosa)* G.H.

Laeliocattleya X Memmon (C.

ae x L. C. X elegans)*

Laeliocattleya X Minnie (C. Dow-
tana X L. C. X exoniensis)*
G.H.

Laeliocattleya X Nysa (L. crispa
x C. Warscewiczii)* G.H.
Laeliocattleya X Pallas (C. Dow-

iana X L. crispa)* G.H.
Laeliocattleya X Purple Emperor
(CO. Warscewicziit X L. C. X
callistoglossa)* G.H.
Laeliocattleya X pu o-Rex
(L. C. Xx Canhamiana Rex X
L. purpurata)* G.H.
Laeliocattleya. X Wellesleyi (C.
Warscewiczii X L. C. X Mar-
tinetii)* G.H.
Laeliocattleya < Woodhamii (C.

* Gift of D. S. Brown.

< Hardyana X L. purpurata)*
G.H.

Laeliocattleya X Zoroaster (L.«
x Latona X L. C. X Can
hamiana)* G.H.

Leptotes bicolor

Lockhartia pallida

Lycaste sp.*

Lycaste aromatica

Lycaste cruenta

Lycaste cruenta var. majus*

Lycaste Deppet

Lycaste lasioglossa

Lycaste Skinneri*

Lycaste Skinneri var. alba*

Masdevallia bella
Masdevallia muscosa
Mazillaria sp.

Mazwillaria crassifolia
Mazillaria luteo-alba*
Mawzillaria nasalis
Mazillaria picta
Mazillaria tenuifolia
Mazillaria valenzuelaria?
Mazillaria variabilis
Mawillaria variabilis var. lutea
Mazillaria Yanaperiensis
Megaclinium sp.
Megaclinium colubrinum
Miltonia sp.

Miltonia candida

Miltonia Clowesii
Miltonia Cogniauxiae var. bicolor
Miltonia flavescens
Miltonia Roezlit

Miltonia Roezlii var. alba
Miltonia spectabilis
Miltonia vevillaria*
Mystacidium infundibulare

Nanodes Mathewsit
Neobenthamia gracilis

Odontoglossum citrosmum
Odontoglossum X Clytie (O. Ed-
wardii X Pescatoret)
Odontoglossum grande*
Odontoglossum pulchellum var.

majus

Odontoglossum Reichenheimit

Oncidium sp.

Oncidium ampliatum

Oncidium ampliatum var. majus

Oncidium barbatum var. limba-
tum?

Oncidium carthaginense

Oncidium Cavendishianum

68 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Oncidium Cebolleta
Oncidium crispum
Oncidium divaricatum
Oncidium flexcuosum
Oncidium Geertianum
Oncidium Kramerianum
Oncidium Lanceanum
Oncidium leucochilum
Onecidium luridum
Onecidium Marshallianum*
Oncidium microchilum
Oncidium ornithorhynchum
Oncidium Papilio
Oncidium phymatochilum
Oncidium pumilum
Oncidium Retmeyerianum
Oncidium rupestre
Oncidium Schlimii
Oncidium sphacelatum
Oncidium splendidum
Oncidium stipitatum
Oncidium varicosum var. Rogersii
Oncidium Wentworthianum
Ornithidium sp.
Ornithidium densum
Ornithidium sophronitis

Peristeria elata

Phaius grandifolius
Phalaenopsis amabilis
Phalaenopsis Cornu-cervi
Phalaenopsis Esmeralda
Phalaenopsis Regnieriana
Phalaenopsis Rimestadtiana*
r is Schilleriana*
Pholidota chinensis
Platyclinis Cobbiana
Platyclinis filiformis*
Platyclinis glumacea
Platyclinis latifolia
Pleurothallis sp..
Pleurothallis Grobyi
Pleurothallis longissima
Pleurothallis peduncularis
Pleurothallis Pernambucensis
Pleurothallis platyrachis
Pleurothallis tribuloides
Pleurothallis villosa
Polystachya sp.
Polystachya affinis
Polystachya laviflora
Polystachya leonensis
Polystachya lineata
Polystachya minutiflora
Ponera sp.

Ponera amethystina

* Gift of D. 8S. Brown.

Renanthera coccinea
Renanthera Imschootiana
Rhynchostylis violacea
Restrepia sp,

Saccolabium Blumei var. majus

Saccolabium giganteum

Saccolabium guttatum

Saccolabium praemorsum*

Sarcanthus lawvus

Sarcanthus Williamsoni

Sarcochilus Hartmani

Sarcochilus unguiculatus

Scaphyglottis sp.

Scaphyglottis prolifera

Schomburgkia sp.

Schomburgkia tibicinis

Schomburgkia undulata

Sigmatostalia radicans

Sobralia sp.

Sobralia dellense (leucorantha xX
Lowti) G.H.

Sobralia macrantha

Sobralia macrantha var. albida

Nobralia Warocqueana? e

Sophrocattleya X Chamberlain
(C. Harrisoniana X 8S. grandi-
flora)* G.H.

Sophrocattleya X Thwaitesii (C.
Mendelii X 8S. grandiflora)*
G.H

Sophrolaelia xX Gratriwiae (LL.
tenebrosa xX SS. grandiflora)*

+ G.H.

Spathoglottis x aureo-Vieillardit
(S. aurea X 8. Vieillardii)
H.

Spiranthes grandiflora

Stanhopea sp. ‘

Siemhoned sp. (large red spots)*

Stanhopea Amesiana*

Stanhopea concolor* 2

Stanhopea X Devoniensis (8. in-
signis X 8. tigrina) N.H.

Stanhopea eburnea var. spectabilis

Stanhopea insignis

Stan oculata

Stanhopea (Rita)*

Stanhopea tigrina :

Stanhopea tigrina var. splendens

Stanhopea Wardii

Stauropsis giganteus

Stauropsis lissochiloides

Stelis sp.

Stelis aurea var. purpurea?

Stelis ciliaris

Stelis ophioglossoides

Stelis smaragdina

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 69

Stenoglottis longifolia Vanda Parishii var. Mariottiana
a : Vanda Sanderiana

Tainia penangrana Vanda suavis*

Tainia viridi-fusca — Vanda suavis var. Rollisoni

Thrizspermum lilacinum Vanda suavis var. superba*

Thunia alba Vanda teres*

Trichocentrum fuscum Vanda teres var. alba*

Trichopilia sp. Vanda teres var. Andersoni

Trichopilia hymenantha Vanda X Joaquiniae (V. Hook-

Trichopilia suavis eriana X V. teres) G.H.

Trigonidium obtusum Vanda tricolor

Venda iy Vanilla sp.

Vanilla Humbolotii

Vanda Bensonit Vanilla Portacei

Vanda Bozallii

Vanda coerulea Xylobium concavum
Vanda gigantea* Xylobium hyacinthina
Vanda lamellata Xylobium squalens
Vanda limbata

Vanda Niemanii* Zygopetalum Mackaii*

Vanda Parishii

WINTER INJURY TO PLANTS IN THE GARDEN

The extreme severity of the winter 1917-18 has caused a
great deal of injury and in some cases death to the woody
plants at the Garden which under ordinary conditions sur-
vive the cold successfully. The rather unusual abundance
of snow, however, was instrumental in protecting the roots
of the woody and particularly the herbaceous plants so that
the latter suffered much less than might have been expected
from the unusual season. The abnormal conditions have
served a useful purpose in indicating the thorough hardiness
of certain planting material as well as the need of substitu-
tion for the more tender plants.

The killing back to the ground of most of the California
privet (Ligustrum ovalifoliwm)—the plant almost untiver-
versally used for hedges in St. Louis—was surely an im-
pressive demonstration of the necessity for a substitute for
this favorite. Fortunately, Amoor privet (Ligustrwm amur-
ense) is hardy, easily clipped, and fully as effective, and
should be acai in place of the California variety. The Jap-
anese barberry (Berberis Thunbergii) may also be success-
fully substituted.

The roses, as a whole, have suffered more damage than
any of the other plants. In ex locations the —
hardy climbers have been killed back to the ground, wit
the exception of Rosa Hugonis, “Crimson Rambler,” ‘‘Kal-
mia,” and a few others. Despite the thorough protection
given the standard tree roses, the hybrid perpetual and

* Gift of D. S. Brown.

70 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

hybrid tea types were all winter killed, only the rambler
type surviving (“Lady Gay”). The usual protection of
10-12 inches of soil around each plant, as well as an addi-
tional mulch of manure, failed to save many of the teas and
hybrid teas, particularly such yellow and orange varieties
as “Mrs, Aaron Ward,” “Duchess of Wellington,” “Madame
Ravary,” “Melanie Soupert,” “Sunburst,” and “Harry
Kirk.” And even more hardy varieties were killed to the
ground, including the popular “Gruss an Teplitz,” which
has always been considered extremely resistant to cold. The
hybrid perpetuals wintered without injury, being killed back
to about where they would naturally be pruned in the spring.
The polyanthas and the Bourbons also survived, thoug.
severe pruning was required to remove all the dead wood.
Among the rugosa types the usually hardy “Conrad F.
Meyer” was killed to the ground, while Rosa rugosa alba
suffered somewhat lesser injuries. The type R. rugosa, as
well as R. blanda, R. setigera, R. multiflora, etc., showed no
deleterious effects of the winter.

The evergreens, as a group, suffered severely, due to the
combination of extreme cold and accompanying increase of
coal gases in the atmosphere. The arborvitaes (Thuya),
junipers (Juniperus), hemlocks (Tsuga), and Pinus mon-
tana sustained the greatest injuries.

_ Among the broad-leaved trees Magnolia grandiflora (bull
magnolia) and Broussonetia papyrifera (paper ge ell 2
were affected quite seriously. The specimens of Magnolia
grandiflora, newly set out, despite a heavy protection of
straw and burlap, showed a complete death of lcagihan: the
trunk itself, however, containing sufficient life to push out
adventitious buds which may ultimately result in establish-
ing the trees. The fact that they were not thoroughly ac-
climated before the coming of such a severe winter is prob-
ably responsible for the great injury. Broussonetia papy-
rifera trees were killed half way to the ground, necessitat-
ing severe pruning. White birch (Betula alba) and Pau-
lownia tomentosa have died back, forming misshapen speci-
mens,

The following table indicates the shrubs affected and the
extent of the injury:

Botanical Name Common Name Injury
Amorpha fruticosa False indigo Half way killed
Aralia spinosa Hercules club Slight
Callicarpa purpurea French mulberry Dead
Calycanthus floridus Allspice Slight
Cephalanthus occidentalis Button bush Slight

Deutzia scabra Killed to ground

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 71

Botanical Name Common Name Injury
Elaeagnus longipes Gumi Partly killed
Forsythia viridissime Golden bell Killed to ground
Hibiscus syriacus Rose of Sharon Half way killed
Ligustrum ovalifolium California privet Killed to ground
Stephanandra flexuosa . Killed to ground
Tamarix africana Tamarisk. Half way killed
Tamarix gallica Tamarisk Killed to ground
Vitex Agnus-castus Chaste tree Dead
Zanthoxylum americanum Prickly ash Slight
Zanthocylum clava-Herculis Toothache tree Half way killed

Among the newer introductions from Asia the following
have proved hardy:

Acanthopanax ricinifolius Populus angustifolia

Aesculus Bushii Populus balsamifera X deltoides
Aesculus “E. G, Palmer” Populus suaveolens

Aesculus splendens Populus tomentosa

Ailanthus Duclauaii Prinsepia uniflora

Ailanthus Vilmoriniana Pyrus Michauaii

Buddleia japonica ~ Pyrus serotina

Caragana arborescens pendula Sorbaria arborea

Cornus brachypoda Spiraea Veitchit

Cornus controversa Spiraea Wilsonti

Corylus heterophylla Syringa Josikaea

Diervilla japonica Syringa reflexa

Hamamelis japonica Syringa Sweginzowii

Hamamelis vernalis Syringa tomentella

Hypericum Kalmianum Ulmus glabra Wheatleyi
Indigofera Kirilowtt Ulmus parvifolia

Juglans rupestris Viburnum Opulus xanthocarpum

Physocarpus opulifolius inebrians Viburnum Sargentii

NOTES

Mr. F. C. Harris, student in the School for Gardening, has
been drafted in the National Army.

Hon. Joseph Richmond Churchill, of Boston, Mass., spent
a part of May in the herbarium and library.

Mr. Clarence Pedlow, former student in the School for
Gardening, has been aeemnied Assistant Superintendent of
School Gardens of St. Louis.

Mr. R. A. Studhalter, formerly Lackland Fellow, has en-
tered the Naval Reserve So Mare Island, San Francisco,
as Hospital Assistant, first class.

Mr. Alexander Lurie, Horticulturist to the Garden, led a
“round table” discussion on gardening at the Webster Groves
Gymnastic Association, on May 2.

Mr. Charles W. Fullgraf, former student in the School for
Gardening, has receiv the commission of First Lieutenant
in the United States Quartermaster Department.

72 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

M. Takenouchi, Assistant Professor of Bacteriology, Uni-
versity of Tokyo, visited the Garden May 14, with a view
to arranging for some special investigations in the fall.

STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR APRIL, 1918

GARDEN ATTENDANCE:

EOCRE NINNGT Ol VINILOTR 6 og evi ee ies ee 23,826
PLANT ACCESSIONS:

Total number of packets of seed received in exchange..... 18

Total number of plants and seed received as gifts....... 142

PLANT DISTRIBUTION:
Total number of plants and seed distributed in exchange. 94

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS:

Total number of books and pamphlets bought... .. s aheg 17
Total number of books and pamphlets donated.......... 118
HEBBARIUM ACCESSIONS:
By Purchase—
Canton Christian College—Plants of China............. 762
A. A. Heller—Plants of California........... RL Se eat 300
By Exchange—
Bureau of Science, Manila, by E. D. Merrill—Plants of
the Philippine Islands... ............ cee ceeeeces 359
Towa State College, by L. H. Pammel—Plants of Iowa and
WY POT a ee ae ee Cia ee eee es 51
J. R. Wier—Fungi of northwestern United States....... 274
By Gift—
Oakes Ames—Isoetes saccharata var. Amesti Eaton...... 1
J. A. Drushel—Plants of the central and western United
ee rere or Oe ee Fee ee eee, hy 14
ORME cei es oo Fee 1,761

The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New
Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas—week days from 8:00
A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from December to April,
1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to December, 2.00 P. M. until sunset.

The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue
and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer
south from all intersecting lines.

| STAFF was
OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

Director,

GEORGE T. MOORE.

BENJAMIN MINGE DuccaR, Epwarp A. Burt,
Physiologist in charge of Graduate Laboratory. Mycologist and Librarian.

HERMANN VON SCHRENK, ANNE W. Davis, |
Pathologist. Research Assistant.

Jesse M. GREENMAN, - \ Katueriye H. Letca,
Curator of the Herbarium. ee _ Secretary.to the Director.

James GURNEY,

Head Gardener, Emeritus.

JoHN Noyes,
Landscape Designer.

ALEXANDER LURIE,

Horticulturist.
G. H. PRING,
Floriculturist.
J. J. CovcHun, W. F. LANGAN,
Construction. Engineer. ~
P. FOERSTER, : H. VALLENTINE,

Farm and Stables. _ > Carpenter.

MllssouRI BOTANICAL
GARDEN [BULLETIN

Vol. VI JUNE, 1918 No. 6

CONTENTS ae

: Page
The Chewing Gum Tree - . ‘ ‘ er oe
Dasylirion serratifolium -.. - - - == = + 74
Pothos celatocaulis ~- - . - foe - 74.
Bird of Paradise Plant - - ee -. 74
Dracaena glomerata and Dracaena kindtiana pacer akas. ve
The Banyan Tree - = se : sme fF
Growth of Palms —- BOS Ee Mer eG Re

Effect of the War at the Garden _ Te eae
Notice Sg iy - ey z <TR

ee ne ce OG CARING | ats

"Statistical Information BERS eee ie. ee? we SO eae

ST. LOUIS, MO,
1918
Published Monthly Except July and j -Auguat by the Board of Trustees >
“= ae .
SUBSCRIPTION PRICE:

BOARD OF TRUSTEES
OF THE oa, wehbe BOTANICAL GARDEN

| THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL,
AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF
THE EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING.

ee ‘SBrastlent, ‘
canibndcla wha WHITAKER

j

Poa

Ae pale ae Seas
_ DAVID om H SMITH, ae

_ Epwarp C. Euior, ‘ ani “Taha Marriews. Le
- Grorce C.Hrrcncoce, Wauase H. H. Perrus.
P. CHoureau Marri. - Puise C. ScANLAN.

_EXOFFICK (o) MEMBERS

Pees ey ti ers:
thea ESOT ee

3 "RicHarp RE. aie

ea Proident oft ar of Ravan

St Vouin

Mo. Bot. GARD, BULL., L. 6, 1918. PLATE 8.

THE CHEWING GUM TREE.
(ACHRAS SAPOTA.)

Missouri Botanical
Garden Bulletin

Vol. VI St. Louis, Mo., June, 1918 No. 6

THE CHEWING GUM TREE

One of the plants in the economic house which always
attracts the attention of children as well as some older people,
is the sapodilla, or chewing gum tree (Achras Sapota). It is
a native of tropical America and the West Indies and is gen-
erally cultivated in the tropics. The wood, called by the
natives “the wood of eternal life,” is very hard, with a per-
fectly straight grain, and is used for rafters in buildings, and
the fruit, which resembles the persimmon both before and
after it is ripe, is much relished. But it is the dried milky
juice of the sapodilla tree which makes it of so much com-
mercial importance. This juice, known locally as “chicle”
(the native word for juice, now universally applied to the
product of the sapodilla), is collected during the rainy season,
when it flows most freely. The native laborer makes a series
of v-shaped incisions in the bark, being careful not to cut too
deeply, and the milk-like juice flows into a canvas bag or
other receptacle at the base of the tree. Contact with the air
speedily thickens it as well as changing it to a deep yellow
hue. The thickened juice is collected daily and removed
to camp, where it is boiled and kneaded to remove the super-
flous moisture. By this time it is like fresh taffy and gray
in color and is ready to be molded into square blocks for
shipment.

The raw product is imported into this country from
Mexico, British Honduras, Venezuela, Central America, and
Canada, the latter being supplied from certain British pos-
sessions. After the chicle reaches the manufacturer it is first
chopped into fine particles, then dried, and finally boiled
down in vacuum pans to further purify it and remove any
natural moisture. Sweetening and flavoring ingredients
having been added, the dough is kneaded, rolled, cut into
strips, and wrapped in the regulation manner. All these
operations are accomplished by machinery. W hile orig-
inally the natural gums of spruce, sweet gum, tamarack,
es and other trees were resorted to for the basis of chew-

(73)

74 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

ing gum, and later paraffin was used, chicle seems to be the
most satisfactory and has practically replaced all other ma-
terials in the making of this popular confection. The chew-
ing gum industry of the United States has grown to such
proportions in the last decade that it now exceeds each year
by several millions of dollars the value of all synthetic chem-
icals, dyestuffs included, imported annually before the war.

DASYLIRION SERRATIFOLIUM

For tropical ornamentation Dasylirion serratifolium, a
native of southeastern Mexico, is equal in many respects to
the commonly used Yucca filamentosa except that it does
not possess quite the same degree of hardiness. Dasylirion
forms dense heads of glaucous leaves measuring 2-3 feet in
length with prominently serrate, prickly margins.

After having been transplanted into the succulent house
from the old yucca dome, where it was annoying to all
passers-by on account of the prickly leaves spreading out
above the walk, it flowered for the first time in twenty years.
The flower spike was 15 feet high, formed like a fox tail,
with hundreds of small yellow flowers attached to the parent
ps upon small racemes, resembling somewhat the golden-
rod.

POTHOS CELATOCAULIS

The shingle plant (Pothos celatocaulis) is a tropical
American climber commonly used in greenhouses as a wall
covering. It fastens itself to the wall by means of hairy pro-
tuberances radiating from the stem, the leaves being im-
bricated in the form of shingles.

As soon as the plant outgrows its support, large-lobed
leaves are produced and at the same time thick roots are sent
out, penetrating the ground. In this stage it is often mis-
taken for Philodendron pinnatifidum with its large-lobed
foliage. The photograph illustrates the stages from the en-
tire to pinnatifid formation and the reverse.

BIRD OF PARADISE PLANT

The bird of paradise plant is so called because of the bril-
liant and unusual color combination of its flower stalk.
Botanically it is known as Strelitzia augusta, the genus being
named in honor of Queen Charlotte of the Mecklenburg-
Strelitz family, and wife of George III. This plant belongs
to the banana family (Musaceae) and includes six species

PLATE 9.

1918.

VOL. 6,

TARD. BULL.,

Bor, CG

Mo.

DASYLIRION SERRATIFOLIUM.

POTHOS CELATOCAULIS.

Mo. Bot. GARD. BULL., VOL. 6, 1918. PLATE 10.

DRACAENA KINDTIANA.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 75

native of Africa, the Garden collection being represented by
three species.

Strelitzia augusta is the largest-growing type of the genus,
forming a woody trunk with numerous suckers and fan-
shaped leaves attaining a height of 20-25 feet. In general
habit it strongly resembles the ‘travelers’ tree” of Mada-
gascar especially in the fan formation of the leaf stalks, and
is like the common banana in the large flat leaves which
often measure 3-4 feet in length. These split readily to
the central stalk, giving the same ragged appearance as the
banana when subjected to the action of winds.

The large specimen on the west side of the palm house
has been in the collection for fifteen years. Previous to its
removal to the palm house, it was grown in a tub under
crowded conditions in the old greenhouses. However, since
being placed under more natural conditions, a considerable
growth has been attained, its first flowers having finally been
produced. The formation of the flowers is unusual ; they are
enclosed in a large dark purple bract which emerges from
the base of the imbricated leaf stalk. When fully matured
the single flowers have to force their way through the apical
portion nearest the trunk. New flowers appear every two
or three days, pushing the preceding ones back.. The petals
are pure white with a beak-like lip of pleasing dark blue
color. During its present blooming period it has produced
two spikes with over twenty flowers. Propagation 1s accom-
plished by suckers or seeds.

DRACAENA GLOMERATA AND DRACAENA
KINDTIANA

During the World’s Fair at St. Louis in 1904, arrange-
ments were made with Mr. Verner, who brought the South
African pygmies for exhibition, to collect rare plants for the
Garden. In 1906 a consignment of rare plants was re-
ceived, including two very rare dracaenas, D. glomerata and
D. Kindtiana, at that time the only specimens of these
varieties in any botanical collection of the world. Some-
time later, however, the Laurente expedition collected these
same varieties.

Dracaena glomerata is the more ornamental of the two,
resembling in habit D. Goldieana, although the growth is
more vigorous. The leaves are ovate-lanceolate, light green,
sparsely mottled with lighter green. The flowers are white.
At the St. Louis Spring Flower Show in 1917 the Society
of American Florists silver medal was awarded to this new
introduction. D. Kindtiana grows to a height of 2-3 feet

76 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

with lanceolate, acuminate, dark green, furrowed leaves, pro-
duced in fan formation. Its peculiarity of growth, rather
than ornamental value, makes it of particular interest. The
abundance of white, strongly scented flowers produces a pleas-
ing effect during certain seasons.

THE BANYAN TREE

The banyan tree (Ficus benghalensis), a small specimen
of which is to be found at the west end of the varied in-
dustries house, is a tropical tree of India, chiefly noteworthy
because of its columnar roots. Closely related to this species
is the celebrated Asrhatta, sacred fig tree of the Hindus, under
which Buddha is said to have gained his wisdom.

As the banyan grows upward and outward the branches
are supported by aerial roots, resulting from seed germinat-
ing while still on the topmost leaves, which reach to the
ground and take root. These columnar roots extend in diam-
eter, producing branches and other lateral roots, the entire
structure acting not only as a support but assuming the
function of absorption and distribution of food as well. The
trees grow to such an immense spread that it is claimed that
an army of 5,000 men once encamped beneath the shade of
one, while the village of Dina Pitza, Ceylon, with its hun-
dred huts, stands under the crown of another. It is only
through care and cultivation by the natives, who consider
the tree sacred, that such size is attained. Ordinarily the
ground under the tree is so hard, due to the dense foliage,
that the aerial roots cannot penetrate it without aid from the
natives, which is furnished by encasing the roots in bamboo
tubes and sinking them in the ground. Usually the col-
umnar roots are not developed in greenhouses, but the Mis-
souri Botanical Garden is fortunate in having one specimen
showing a large aerial root which started at a height of about
4 feet and, after twining itself around the main stem, en-
tered the ground.

The tree yields an inferior grade of rubber containing 12.4
per cent caoutchoue and 82.2 per cent resin. It is employed
in Lahore in the oxidation of copper. For medicinal pur-
poses the juice is applied externally for bruises and as an
anodyne in rheumatism. An infusion of the bark is re-
garded as a powerful tonic in the treatment of diabetes, while
the leaves are heated and used as a poultice. The fruits,
leaves, and young shoots are used as food by the natives as
well as fodder for their cattle.

Mo. Bot. GARD. BULL., VOL. 6, 1918. PLATE 11.

DRACAENA GLOMERATA.

<4

Vee

BIRD OF PARADISE PLANT.
STRELITZIA AUGUSTA.

Mo. Bor. GARD. BULL., VOL. 6, 1918. PLATE 12.

THE BANYAN TREE.
(FICUS BENGHALENSIS.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 77

GROWTH OF PALMS

The determination of the age of palms grown under
greenhouse conditions is a matter of considerable interest,
but very little data is available for comparative study. Cer-
tain palms, like Oreodoxa regia, indicate their rate of growth
by the permanent leaf scars upon the trunk, while others,
like Livistona, Cocos, Phoenix, ete., have a tendency to lose
their leaf blades, leaving no scars, thus making age deter-
mination impossible with any degree of accuracy.

The following list indicates the study of growth in the
palm house at the Garden during a period of one year. It
is interesting to note that almost invariably the greatest
growth has taken place during the summer months, indi-
cating: partial dormancy during the winter.

NUMBER OF LEAVES DEVELOPING

Name . Jan. Mar. July Sept. Dec. Total
Acanthorhiza aculeata .......... 1 2 3 4 3 13
Archontophoenix Cunninghamii ... 1 0 1 2 2 6
ATENGE: BACCROTTETA 2. ee ies Z 1 1 0 1 f
Astrocaryum mexicanum ........ 1 L 2 Z 2 8
Ceroxylon andicolum ........ are k 1 1 1 1 5
CRaMnedored BN ee ees 1 1 1 1 1 5
Chamaerons humilis ............ 3 4 8 9 + 28
Chrysalidocarpus lutescens ...... 1 1 1 1 1 5
COCKE HOGG or. <5 i Se 1 1 1 1 1 5
EUGAS QUONEONHS 0. oh oes 1 1 1 2 1 6
PPUtRCd GVO Fh ee et 2 2 2 2 1 9
Howea Beimorcana .... 5... tee. 1 1 1 1 2 6
AACUNIA OTONMIS Fie tae 1 1 1 2 0 5
butstond GUstralia ot ens ck 1 2 5 6 4 18
hivistona chimensts 20... 6 i ess 1 1 2 + 2 10
Martinezia caryotaefolia ........ 1 1 1 2 1 6
Oreddowd: Vent | 60 se eis 1 1 1 1 1 5
Phoenin dactylifera v0. ..00....- 3 3 5 9 Hy 25
EROGNIG: FOCURELG os ae nas 3 3 a 5 4 19
Vhoenin Roebelentt. 2... 0... = 2 2 3 10 7 24
Ptychosperma Macarthuri ......- 1 1 1 1 2 6
Pritchardia Martti 2.06.5 Se. 1 1 3 2 2 9
Rhapis flabelliformis ..........- 1 3 3 2 2 11
Sabal giaucescens .......4.57-. =. 1 1 0 1 1 4
Savel Puunctts 2a a. 1 1 1 2 ] 6
Thrinag argente@ ....6. 5%, 666-5 1 1 2 ] 2 7
Trachycarpus excelsa Fortunei... 2 3 4 4 4 17
Washingtonia filifera ........... 1 3 5 4 2 15

TOTAL coe Wee faves 37 Ht 64 82 60 =.287

EFFECT OF THE WAR AT THE GARDEN

The order of the Fuel Administrator, reducing by 50 per
cent the amount of coal available for florists has been in-
terpreted as applying to institutions like the Garden as well

78 | MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

as commercial concerns. Special permission has been ob-
tained from Washington allowing the Garden to use suf-
ficient coal to maintain its various permanent collections of
tropical plants, but it will be necessary to cut off all the prop-
agating houses back of the wall in order that as much coal
as possible may be saved. This will prevent growing a large
number of the plants used in the winter floral displays and
likewise make it impracticable to grow the bedding plants
used in the outdoor gardens during the spring and summer
months. Consequently the Garden will probably present a
very different appearance next summer, since many of the
beds will have to be either left unplanted or used for grow-
ing vegetables or other annuals which can be started from
seed out of doors. Since it will require no heat to bring the
chrysanthemums to their usual perfection, the regular
chrysanthemum exhibit will be made next fall, but after this
show the displays will be confined to blooming orchids,
azaleas, and other perennial material.

NOTICE

For various reasons it seems desirable to discontinue the
publication of the Butnerin during the months of July and
August. Consequently the next number of the BuLLEerrn
will not appear until the end of September. The total num-
ber of pages for the current volume will not be materially
reduced and the regular contents will appear in ten numbers
instead of twelve.

NOTES
_ Dr. Charles Thom, of the United States Bureau of Chem-
istry, was a recent visitor at the Garden.

Dr. I. E. Melhus, of the lowa Agricultural Experiment
Station, spent June 14 and 15 at the Garden consulting the
library and mycological herbarium.

Miss Anne W. Davis, of Princeton, New Jersey, research
assistant in the graduate laboratory, has resigned to engage
in chemical work relating to the war.

Dr. M. Kanda, professor of botany in the Hiroshima
Higher Normal School, Japan, accompanied by a group of
his countrymen, visited the Garden on June 11.

The following have been appointed Teaching Fellows in
the Shaw School of Botany, Washington University, and will
register for work in the graduate laboratory:

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN : 79

Miss Joanne L. Karrer, Puyallup, Washington; B. S. Uni-
versity of Washington, 1915; M. 8. University of Washing-
ton, 1916.

Mrs. Adele L. Grant, Columbia, California; B. S. Univer-
sity of California, 1902.

Volume V, Number 2, of the Annals of the Missouri Bo-
tanical Garden has appeared during the month, with the
following contents:

“Correlation of the Strength and Durability of Southern
Pine,” S. M. Zeller.

“Corticiums Causing Pellicularia Disease of the Coffee
Plant, Hypochnose of Pomaceous Fruits, and Rhizoctonia
Disease,” E. A. Burt.

“Gautieria in North America,’ S. M. Zeller and C. W.
Dodge.

“Notes on Certain Cruciferae,’ E. B. Payson.

“The Effect of Bordeaux Mixture on the Rate of Tran-
spiration,” B. M. Duggar and W. W. Bonns.

80 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR MAY, 1918

GARDEN ATTENDANCE:

Total number of visitors...........; Ri gee kW ON ee 20,202
PLANT ACCESSIONS:

Total number of packets of seeds received in exchange...... 47
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS:

Total number of books and pamphlets bought....... gives 9

Total number of books and pamphlets donated............ 297

HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS:
By Purchase —
T. 8. Brandegee — Plants of Mexico, collected by ©, A.

REGS oie ee a a 232
Walter Fischer—Plants of Argentina.................... 283
Dr. C. S. Sargent—Plants of the Philippine Islands, col-

lected by Aduro and Sabiarya.,.....;.:.......:..0.+: 486

By Gift —

Hon. Joseph Richmond Churchill—Plants of Massachusetts.. 124
Dr. G, P. Clinton—Coniophora hyssoidea on stems of seed-

ling of Picea excelsa just imported from France........ 1
Dr. W. G. Farlow — Hydnaceous fungi from Maine, New

Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Florida............... 72
Prof. H. M. Jennison—Pleurotus ulmarius and P. ostreatus

iro Montene 6 ise a ie es 2
C. D. Learn—Pyrus ioensis (Wood) Bailey and Centaurea

americana Nutt. from Oklahoma..................... 2
Dr. W. H. Long—Wood-destroying fungi mostly from New

ONION eas ee Se Se Re toy fe
Philip C. Scanlan—Ellisia Nyctelea L. from Mlinois...... 1
Shenandoah Nurseries—Cultivated specimen of Elaeagnus

op. trom Muakoget, O08 ee 1

By Exchange —
U. S. National Museum—Plants of the United States...... 330

The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New
Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas—week days from 8:00
A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from December to April,
1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to December, 2.00 P. M. until sunset.

The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue
and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer
south from all intersecting lines.

ba eae
See

Mussour! BOTANICAL
GARDEN BULLETIN

Vol. VI SEPTEMBER, 1918 No. 7.

Wwe

ate ‘CONTENTS f
Henry Shaw’ s Contribution to Art in St. Louis - ~- 81

nen ee ten Gr MAC et car Re eee

Smceeidiaes - Se ree ea, S45 ee ee Ce Ph

ST. LOUIS, MO. —

1918 A Se ee an

1

Published ‘Monthly Except July and August by the Board, of. ‘Trustees > at

ees "SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: * Sree
“ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR et ‘SINGLE NUMBERS TEN cents:

Sy SBoaRD OF TRUSTEES —t™ ae
OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN —

¥

THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S: WILL,
; AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF

THE EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING. . we
: — “ :
as : President, = +
EDWARDS WHITAKER.
Vice-President,

DAVID S$. H. SMITH.

Epwap C. Euior, .< ee Leow arp Merraswas

Wiuran H. H. PerTus.

3 Puttar sk SCANLAN. re a

Jou F. Sueruey,,

"EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS

‘-

Grorce T. ‘Mie

‘President of The Academy of Science of
_ St. Louis, :

~_ Ricwarp Murray, a
President of the Board of Education of

Mo.

30T. GARD. BULL., VOL. 6, 1918.

ee

wr

r
t—- wr?

PLATE 13.

IN.

‘

GARDI

THE

NRY SHAW IN

HE

OF

TOMB

Missouri Botanical
Garden Bulletin

Vol. VI St. Louis, Mo., September, 1918 No. 7

HENRY SHAW’S CONTRIBUTIONS TO ART
IN ST. LOUIS

Although Henry Shaw is rightly regarded as one of the
greatest benefactors of the city of his adoption, this idea is
based primarily, if not entirely, upon his founding of The
Missouri Botanical Garden and his gift to St. Louis of
Tower Grove Park. Still another aspect of his generosity
and desire to give pleasure to his fellow townsmen, which is
not so generally recognized, was his effort to provide ob-
jects of art, in the form of statues and busts, which were
worthy of the men thus commemorated.

As early as 1878 he presented to the city two bronze
statues, which at that time were among the most noteworthy
pieces of this character in the United States. These gifts
were followed by others until, at the time of his death, eleven
years later, he had made available to the public another
bronze statue, three marble statues, and nine marble busts,
all executed in the best artistic manner of the period.

In order that a permanent record may be made of some
of the little-known facts concerning these various gifts, it
has seemed advisable to bring together in the BULLETIN an
account of the circumstances associated with Mr. Shaw’s
efforts to provide for St. Louis suitable examples of the
sculptor’s art. The sources of the information here em-
bodied are the newspapers of the day, a review of the
origin and history of Tower Grove Park, by David H. Mac-
Adam, prepared by order of the Board of Commissioners in
1883, and, most important of all, certain letters from the
sculptors themselves, which it is believed contain facts of
interest not hitherto made public.

The first statue presented to the city by Mr. Shaw was
that of Shakespeare, which was unveiled on April 23, 1878,
the 314th anniversary of the poet’s birth. The event was
marked by unusual simplicity. Mr. Shaw, in the fewest
possible words, formally presented the statue and acting-

(81)

82 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Mayor Lightner accepted it for the citizens of St. Louis.
Some impromptu remarks by Capt. James McDonough fol-
lowed, and a party of Mr. Shaw’s friends then proceeded
to his residence in the Garden, where a reception was held.

The statue was designed and executed in bronze by Ferdi-
nand Miller,* of Munich, afterwards Baron von Miller, who
was later elected first president of the International Exhibi-
tion of Art and was apparently recommended to Mr. Shaw
by Mr. George I. Barnett, the architect who designed. the
pedestal and base.

On November 24, 1878, the second bronze statue, namely,
that of Humboldt, was unveiled in Tower Grove Park. Mr.
Shaw was ill at the time and not able to be present, but the
occasion was a much more festive and elaborate one than
that of the presentation of the Shakespeare monument.
The ceremonies were in the hands of the German-American
societies of St. Louis, and a procession consisting of various
Turnverein, Maennerchor, and Saengerbund organizations,
together with school children and two bands, marched
through the park before assembling at the site of the statue.
Mr. Preetorius acted as chairman, and the program con-
sisted of music, an address in German by Mr. Carl Luede-
king, the acceptance of the statue for the citizens of St.
Pies by Mayor Overstolz, and remarks by Professor W. T.
Tarris.

This statue was executed by the same sculptor and the
pedestal by the same architect who had furnished the
Shakespeare statue, and the cost of each statue was appar-
ently the same, namely, $5,000, delivered in St. Louis, not
including the pedestal or setting up.

Additional artistic features were added to the park on
Sunday afternoon, July 16, 1882, when the marble busts
of Mozart and Rossini were presented by Mr. Shaw. These
were the work of Howard Kretschmar, a St. Louis sculptor.
The St. Louis Grand Orchestra rendered several selections
from Mozart, and, after the unveiling by Miss Lena Anton,
a pianist of St. Louis, Mr. Shaw in a few simple words pre-
sented the busts to the city. Judge J. Gabriel Woerner
delivered an appropriate address and the ceremony con-
cluded with music by the orchestra and the Liederkranz.
Postlewaithe’s band gave a concert for the remainder of the
afternoon.

* This spelling of the name, instead of Mueller which has appeared
in print at various times, is in accordance with the signature of the
letters of the sculptor.

Mo. Bot. GARD. BULL., VOt.. 6, 1918. PLATE 14.

STATUE OF SHAKESPEARE IN TOWER GROVE PARK.

Mo. Bot. Garp. BULL., VOL. 6, 1918. PLATE 15,

STATUE OF HUMBOLDT IN TOWER GROVE PARK.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 83

That Mr. Shaw had long had in mind the presentation of
a statue of Columbus is shown by a letter from Miller, as
far back as 1878, who wrote: “I was always afraid you
would not enjoy the statue of Humboldt because your wish
had been to erect a monument to Columbus,” and at an-
other time: “I surely admit that the enthusiasm would
have been still greater for Columbus, as any man that lives
in America must have for him great interest, but it would
not have been possible to change it with all my best will.”
Apparently, after the statue of Humboldt was in progress,
Mr. Shaw had contemplated having it changed to one of
Columbus.

The following extracts from letters* of Ferdinand Miller
add greatly to the interest of the Columbus statue as it
stands in the park, since they throw much light upon the
conception of the discoverer which the artist tried to carry
out. They also demonstrate that Mr. Shaw had very definite
ideas of what he wanted and that his part in the develop-
ment of the statue was by no means a small one.

“Munich, March 9, 1883.

“ * * * * * * * + % * * * * % * * * * *

“The pedestal for Columbus I get drawn just now and I hope
you will agree with it. Respective to your conceiving of Columbus
I shall fulfil your wishes but shall at all events make first a sketch
of it which I will send you. Concerning the relievoes, you wanted
upon one side Piloty’s picture and upon the other the design which
you suggested. I shall take the drawing you have sent as the main
idea but shall make a few alterations and send you a sketch of it.
That question, however, is not pressing and can be settled after-
wards. Drawings of the pedestal and relievo I’ll send you before
long. I am just commencing the sketch of the monumental grave-
stone. I am much obliged to you for the photographs which are
very good. I shall also comply with your desires in this case. I
would be pleased to know whether you wish me to finish first
Columbus or the tombstone?

“If you deem it proper to make a synallagmatic contract I beg
you to send me same to sign, I think in the way we did it the last
time.

“About the relievo and pedestal I cannot tell you anything as
yet; you must first see the drawing. I would like to have the
pedestal richer than that of Humboldt and Shakespeare. I sup-
pose you will agree with it.”

“Munich, May 5, ’83.

“Dear Sir:

“Just now I have received your favor. I sent you a small sketch
of Columbus which gives only an approximate idea of the way I
picture the statue to myself and how it would look upon the ped;

*The letters are written in English and the author frequently ex-
presses his dissatisfaction with the translation. However, it seems best

to copy them verbatim.

84 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

estal. I am just modeling the sketch. It is a conception which is
expressed in Piloty’s picture and also the same which I intend to
give the figure, but certainly it is not possible to make the same
thing in plastic art as in the picture. A figure must be composed
for every side and a picture only for one; we therefore have to
make some alterations in the posture and the conceiving; how-
ever, you needn’t feel
uneasy as I have under-
stood your intentions
and shall act accord-
ingly as much as _ pos-
sible. The drawing of
the relievo I have put
in the post, it is also
only a sketch. Please
to send it back and let
me know your wishes
about it, to enable me
to make the altera-
tions according to
them.
“Concerning the
second relievo our
wishes seem to meet.
I have written to you
that I should like to
choose the moment
when Columbus takes
possession of the coun-
_ try. The pedestal for

the grave monument I
get drawn, so that they can work after it in America, the measures
in English feet.”

“Munich, May 24, 783.
66 ME ON ee 5 eas, 0, ee Se ome seer Me ie eee Se eae

“About the second relievo, I thought if it wouldn’t be better to
choose instead of Piloty’s picture, the moment when Columbus set
his foot in the new world on the 12th of October, 1492, and kissed
the ground and then drew his sword and took possession of the
country. In the background are the nude natives watching the
strangers. Then I should take the statue of Columbus when he
just beholds the country for the first time. Please inform me of
your opinion about it.”

“Munich, June 23, ’83.
“Dear Sir:

“Your letter of the 25th of May expresses so little confidence
towards me that I will not try to explain my idea and intended
alterations, but shall be willing to copy Piloty’s Columbus at your
wish, For my justification, however, I have to clear up the seem-
ing inconsistency existing between my last letter and the desire
expressed to you by occasion of the remittance of Piloty’s picture.

“At the time you first have spoken of getting made a statue of
Columbus as a very remote idea yet and wanted to hear something
about it from me I did not have any order yet to occupy myself
more closely with the affair, but I knew a great number of repre-
sentations of Columbus. In most of them he was more than the
learned explorer, or represented after his landing in a quiet posture

Mo. Bot. GARD. BULL., VOL. 6, 1918. PLATE 16.

¥

STATUE OF COLUMBUS IN TOWER GROVE PARK.

Mo. Bor. GARD. BULL., VOL. 6, 1918. PLATE 17.

THE LINNEAN HOUSE—SHOWING THE BUSTS OF LINNAEUS,
NUTTALL, AND GRAY.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN. BULLETIN 85

but not as the undaunted sea-farer. Piloty had chosen a different
conceiving which I liked much better and when I have expressed
the desire of seeing Columbus executed in bronze I meant by this |
to represent him as the energetic and undaunted sea-farer. If
my letter said something else it certainly was the fault of my im-
perfect translation for I would not have taken the liberty to sug-
gest to you the simple copy of a picture for a statue, as I did not
doubt that you wanted an original work for your great idea, in
the way as you have chosen an entirely new and original repre-
sentation for Shakespeare and Humboldt by which you have ob-
tained great applause both in America and in Europe, and_par-
ticularly in Germany. Since that time I have earnestly studied
the question, have read all the works affording sources about the
costume of the time and about the person of Columbus, and if my
sketch therefore has turned out somewhat different than Piloty’s
picture which in the first rank is contrived with consideration of
the effect of the colors, it anyhow had the same idea for its basis
in the way Piloty has first given it in his picture. Piloty him-
self will confirm that there are other conditions for the plastic
execution and if you wish I could easily send you Piloty’s own
opinion about it, if you attach any importance to it. What I
have altered I have only done out of conscientious consideration
for all the circumstances. I think I have never ill advised you,
and here in Germany at least, where the artists of Munich have
unanimously elected me for their president and where at present
their confidence has placed me in the rank of the first president of
the International Exhibition of Art, people think so much of my
judgment that it was certainly not immodest on my part when I
thought I should furnish you with an original sketch after my own
studies and not with a simple copy.

“But as I said at the beginning of my letter, you may please
yourself about it. I shall certainly copy Piloty’s picture as well
as possible and have only to beg you to inform me at your
earliest. convenience of your definite opinion to enable me to go on
with the work. In the relievo I find the precise copy of Piloty’s
picture very suitable and very easy to execute; that certainly will
turn out to advantage.

“Beethoven is modeled. The photographs I have received, the
pedestal looks better than I expected. I am just working at
Richard Wagner. As to the expense of the bustoes, I may inform
you that I can save by each 50 dollars, consequently I get only
700 dollars for one busto, as I have got by a lucky chance two
beautiful marble blocks, each 50 dollars cheaper than I reckoned.”

“Reichenhall, Aug. 23, ’83.
“% * ee ee i ee * ee See ee * *
Complying with your wish I am to take as a model for Columbus
the figure of that one on Piloty’s picture, but only on one condi-
tion, that I may have as much liberty as possible in the concep-
tion of it, that I may alter what is absolutely necessary for a
monumental statue. I would rather renounce the execution of the
commission if you do not agree to this condition for I will never
undertake anything that might not succeed. I esteem more my
reputation as an artist than any sum that could be gained in
such a way. And at the same time Director Piloty would make
a protest against my copying his picture so very accurately. As
a relief I shall copy the picture exactly, nothing could be said
against that. : : :
“The bust of Beethoven is finished in marble, but if you like I
will delay sending it to you until that of Richard Wagner is

86 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

finished too. For the latter I made use of a bust which a friend
of mine modeled in Venice eight days before Richard Wagner’s
death and which unfortunately he could not finish, but it is de-
cidedly the very last likeness of that great master.

“T am now beginning to work at Columbus and you and your
friends will certainly be contented with it. The design of the
pedestal of the sepulehral monument I will forward to you very
soon.”

“Munich, Apr. 9, ’84.
“Dear. Sir:

“T am ever so much obliged to you for your favor of the 13th
of March and for the remittance of £ 148 s. 17. Indeed I am
happy to know that the bustoes have met with your approval.
Next week I shall go to Carrara to buy the marble for the grave
monument. The expression of the figure I am going to make a
little more cheerful. The monument itself has met here with great
applause and I hope it will be the same case in America. To
tell you the truth, I did not like the idea of sending you the
photograph of the monument as it is always sad to see one’s self
represented in a dead state. But anyhow I thought to have acted
according to your notion. The model of Columbus is very near
being done and as soon as it is far enough advanced I shall send
you a photograph of it.

“T thank you for remembering my parents. They return their
compliments to you.”

“Munich, May 26, ’84.

“I did not return any sooner from Carrara than just now and
have found on my arrival your favor of the 29th of March and
the remittance of £ 100, equal to 491 dollars gold, which I shall
deduct from the costs of the grave monument. I am very much
obliged to you for both. The grave monument is commenced in
Carrara and will be done in February; the expression of the face
will be more cheerful. In the very next time I shall send you
the photograph of the relievo of Columbus, that of La Salle will be
done a few days afterwards. Please send me the inscription for -
the plates of the Columbus monument in case you wish any altera-
tions.

“Columbus cannot be finished before the winter, but if you wish
the relievoes any sooner than that, they may be done in three
months. The head of the statue of Columbus I have made some-
what different than on the relievo, as they found in Madrid a
portrait which is taken to be authentic; both the heads, however,
bear the same character.”

“Munich, November 18, ’85.
“Dear Sir:

“T have received your favor of the 3lst of October and the
photographs of the pedestal on the excellent execution of which I
congratulate you.

“To comply with your wish and that of your friends I shall
make the execution in bronze with the bearded head, though against
my conviction. Here in Munich, however, I shall exhibit Columbus
with the beardless head. I am very glad indeed you like the grave
monument. You need not be afraid that the bronze will not look
well on the pedestal or that it will not be in character with it, as
I have tried it here and was very much pleased with the arrange-
ment, the whole looking to great advantage.”

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 87

“March 8, ’86.
“Dear Mr. Shaw:

“Columbus is now so far that I think to be done with the cast-
ing in four weeks. Reckoning two weeks for the packing and ex-
hibition, the statue will be ready for transport in the month of
May. Please to appoint the time now when you want me to for-
ward the figure. I have been asked from Berlin to exhibit there
Columbus at the International Exhibition. 1 declined as I did not
know whether you would like it.”

It is to be regretted that Mr. Shaw’s letters to Miller are
not also available, but the extracts given above are sufficient
to indicate how keen an interest he took in the planning
and execution of the various works of art presented to the
city. He did much more than merely furnish the money
for their purchase.

The Columbus statue was unveiled October 12, 1886, the
394th anniversary of the landing of the discoverer of Amer-
ica. As on the oceasion of the presentation of the Hum-
boldt statue, the ceremonies were chiefly delegated to the
representatives of the nationality of the man to be honored.
The Societa di Unione i Fratellanza Italiana, students of
Washington University, and others took part in the proces-
sion, and the American and Italian flags were prominently
displayed. The assembly was called to order by Mr. Joseph
Franklin, and the statue unveiled by Miss Sadie MacAdams
and Miss Edith Franklin. Mr. Shaw made a most inter-
esting address, going into the history of St. Louis with some
detail, and letters were read from distinguished men, among
others the historian Bancroft, felicitating Mr. Shaw and the
city upon the occasion. Others who spoke were Rev. R. A.
Holland, rector of St. George’s Church, Prof. Calvin M.
Woodward, and Mr. James D. Butler, of Madison, Wisconsin,
who is recorded as having made a “humorous address.” Mr.
F. A. Cafferata and Mr. Moretti represented the Italian so-
cieties, the latter speaking in Italian. The statue was ac-
cepted for the city by Mayor D. R. Francis.

The marble busts of Linnaeus, Nuttall, and Gray, over the
entrance of what in 1883 was the “principal plant house”
of the Garden, were dedicated on Friday, June 22, 1883.
The members of the American Association of Nurserymen,
Florists and Seedsmen, then holding a convention in St.
Louis, were present with other guests, by special invitation.
The following remarks were made by Mr. Shaw:

“Gentlemen.—I greet you and welcome the horticulturists and
florists of America to the Missouri Botanical Garden, On this ocea-
sion of your visit, in the briefest possible way, I take the agree-

able pleasure of inaugurating the marble busts placed over the

88 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

entrance of this newly erected plant house. In the center is Lin-
naeus, the great reformer of the natural sciences, called by his
contemporaries the ‘Prince of Nature.’ On his right the bust of
Thomas Nuttall, designated the ‘Father of Western American Bot-
any’ by our learned friend, Dr. George Engelmann. To the left, on
the east side, is that of Dr. Asa Gray, well known to you all as a
bright ornament to American science. These men are and have
been shining lights as naturalists in describing and classifying the
numerous and various objects of the vegetable kingdom. These
monuments are durable mementoes of our esteem and respect for
illustrious men whose names are indelibly connected with the plants
and trees that beautify the face of nature, and thus their names
will be handed down to future ages and be known as long as science
and civilization exist among men.”

The marble statues of Juno and Victory were both
made by Ross C. Adams of Carrara, Italy. The Juno, now
in the Italian garden, formerly stood opposite the main gate
in the center of a small formal garden, but the Victory has
always stood within the structure it now occupies. Tradition
has it that this was originally intended by Mr. Shaw as his
mausoleum, but later he decided granite would be more
permanent and built the second mausoleum.

The statue of Juno is an exact copy of an antique, now
in the National Museum, Naples (photograph No. 5099),
and cost $775.00 delivered in St. Louis. The Victory is a
copy of a statue by Consain, also in the Naples gallery
(photograph No. 523) and cost $1,050.00 delivered. These
statues arrived together during the month of September,
1886, and were almost immediately put in place.

Mr. Shaw evidently placed the order for his own monu-
ment in 1882, since by March, 1883, Miller had received
photographs and begun the preliminary sketches. The
granite mausoleum was begun in 1884, and, as is well
known, this structure, as well as the statue and pedestal,
were completed several years before Mr. Shaw’s death. The
bronze ornaments and the marble figure of Mr. Shaw were
executed in Germany, but the pedestal was made in St.
Louis. No record exists of the cost of the monument, but
the following itemized account of the preliminary work
called for by Mr. Shaw may be of interest:

To the architect Rohmeis for making three drawings and the

Jarger Getall foci ie ee ee $220.00
For making the whole sarcophagus in wood and gypsum to model
the ormaments: 605.4000. 7 ee 88.00
For modeling six wreaths, two inscription plates, and five and
: One-half metres of gatlawie. ce 530.00
For the casting of the whole; jy. i..45.5... 2... 440.00

Mo. Bot. GARD. BULL., VOL. 6, 1918. PLATE 18.

STATUE OF JUNO IN THE GARDEN.

Mo. Bot. GARD. BULL., VOL. 6, 1918. PLATE 19.

STATUE OF VICTORY IN THE GARDEN.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 89

Apparently, the artistic temperament of the sculptor was
somewhat disturbed by having to furnish such a detailed
account of expenses, for after an impassioned letter he con-.
cludes as follows: ‘Finally, I beg you to excuse me for
having written to you as much about the matter, but think
yourself in my place who has never received a similar re-
proach and you will find my excitement excusable. _Never-
theless, | shall still esteem you as my fatherly friend. May
you live a great many years yet, may God bestow upon you
health and prosperity.”

On July 6, 1884, the marble busts of Wagner and Beetho-
ven were presented to Tower Grove Park. These were
both executed by von Miller, and the reference in the pre-
viously quoted letters to these busts, particularly as to the
source of the study for the Wagner marble, is interesting.
After the unveiling, which ceremony was performed by
Miss Carson, Mr. Shaw and Dr. Wm. Taussig made brief
addresses. Dr. Taussig, “in the name of the art-loving com-
munity of St. Louis, thanked Mr. Shaw for adorning that
beautiful park with the busts of those two immortals,
Beethoven and Wagner.” The Henry Shaw Musical
Society rendered an elaborate program made up exclusively
of compositions of the two musicians honored, and “‘at its
close the members of the society adjourned to the residence
of Mr. Shaw, where an hour was pleasantly spent in saunter-
ing through the grounds.”

The busts of Gounod and Verdi are presumably the work
of Ross C. Adams, the same sculptor who did the Victory and
Juno. The Verdi shows no mark indicating its origin, but
the Gounod bears the faint inscription “C. Nicoli &
Adams.” It is believed that Nicoli, of Carrara, who was a
well-known sculptor of the day, was associated with Adams in
some way in the execution of the Gounod bust at least, and
possibly also the one of Verdi.

The following extract from the Globe-Democrat of May
16, 1886, gives a general account of the ceremonies attend-
ing the presentation of these works of art:

“A typical opening day, a large concourse of people, and a_per-
fect smoothness of all arrangements combined to make the cere-
monies incident to the unveiling of the busts of Gounod and Verdi
an unusual success. The busts were the gift of Mr. Henry Shaw,
adding another token of the munificence to which is due the ex-
istence of the beautiful resort in which they are located. They
stand, with a number of other works of art, upon the outer edge
of the circular esplanade around the central music stand. Both
are highly creditable to the skill of the sculptor and the taste of

the giver.

90 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

“The ceremonies were preceded by a portion of a musical pro-
gramme, beginning at 4 o’clock with the massive and sonorous
grand march from the opera ‘Faust’ by Gounod. The grand fan-
tasie and march from ‘La Reine de Saba’ by the same composer,
potpourri from “Traviata,’ and a brief selection from ‘I Lombardi’
by Verdi, followed, when Mr. Shaw, who was in unusual voice and
spirits, mounted the platform and in a brief speech tendered the
busts to the city. When the applause died away, acting Mayor
Allen accepted the gift in a few complimentary sentences and in-
troduced Mr. Peter L. Foy, who spoke for about five minutes,
briefly reviewing Mr. Shaw’s many acts of public and _ private
philanthropy. Mr. E. C. Kerr and Prof. Woodward followed in a
similar vein and the ceremonies proper concluded. The crowd,
however, tarried to hear the conclusion of the musical programme
which was made up of selections from the works of Gounod and
Verdi, and admirably rendered by Postlewaithe’s orchestra of 25
pieces. The speakers of the day and a few invited guests then
ay piace to Shaw’s Garden where they were entertained until
dark.’

After Mr. Shaw’s death a letter from the Rev. Hubert
Lowe, of London, showed that it had been Mr. Shaw’s in-
tention to complete the group of busts around the music
stand at the park, by adding those of Sir Arthur Sullivan
and Donizetti. In fact, he seems to have commissioned his
cousin, Mr. Lowe, to have the two busts executed by a Lon-
don sculptor. However, the practice of being the single
donor of the works of sculptors to the city inaugurated by
Mr. Shaw, seems to have died with him and, as yet, he has
no successor in this particular field.

HYBRID NYMPHAEAS

The continuation of the work of breeding water-lilies
at the Garden is gradually developing types of greater de-
sirability and effectiveness. The production of that admir-
able type, NV. “Mrs. Edwards Whitaker,” in 1917, has led
to its use as a parent in an effort to increase the size, im-
prove the coloration, and add vigor to other promising types.
Among these new hybrids a very pleasing new variety has
been secured, NV. “General Pershing.” Another introduc-
tion of merit is N. “Mrs. Woodrow Wilson” hort. var.
gigantea, notable for its size and the greatly increased vivi-
parous habit.

xX NYMPHAEA “GENERAL PERSHING” PRING, N. HYB.

(Nymphaea “Mrs. Edwards Whitaker” ¢ x N. castalii-
flora 2)

The floral character of this hybrid strongly resembles
that of the staminate parent, especially. in the concave for-
mation of the pistils, as well as compactness and the forma-
tion of three distinet whorls of light pink. The exterior

MiSSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 91

of the outermost petals is channeled longitudinally with
green and striped with dark purple. The sepals are pinkish
white on the interior, externally strongly resembling the
pistillate parent with its coloration dark green prominently
striped with purple. The foliage is similar to the seed
arent, the upper surface being dark green conspicuously
blotched with dark purple, but the margins are more undu-
lated than either parent. The under side is green,

ODOC

|

Nymphaea “General Pershing:” 1, sepal; 2, petals; 3,
submerged leaves of seedling; 4, first floating leaf; 5, sta-
mens. One-half natural size.

grading to greenish red toward the margins and spotted
with a slightly darker color. Owing to the low percentage
of developed seeds of the pistillate parents, very few seed-
lings were obtained. However, the colors. of the progeny
when flowered were all pink shades, showing the dominant
factor of the pollen parent, N. castaliiflora.
Description —F lowers 8-10 inches across, opening from
4-6 successive days from 7:30 A. M. to 7:00 P. M. during
August, extremely fragrant; bud ovate-acuminate, dark
green, prominently striped with dark purple in the apical

92 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

portion; peduncle rising 1 foot above the water, in cross-
section showing 7 main air-canals circled by 14 smaller
ones, these again irregularly surrounded by minute air-
canals; sepals wedged, ovate, 4 inches long, 134 inches
wide, hooded at the apex, thick and fleshy in texture, outer
surface dark green striped with purple, less at the base,
light pink on the margins, inner surface pinkish white,
light green at the base, showing 10-12 nerves; petals 30,
comprising three whorls; outermost whorl lanceolate-obtuse,
slightly hooded at the apex, 334 inches long, ¥% of an inch
wide, with the outer surface channeled longitudinally with
green and striped with purple, thick in~ texture except
along the light pink margins, and the inner surface light
pink, 7-nerved; the inner whorls light pink, slightly acute,
becoming shorter and narrower toward the innermost;
stamens about 300; outermost whorl occasionally becoming
petaloid, 1% inches long, with appendages ovate-oblong at
the base, bright yellow, pink and pinkish white at the apex;
the inner whorls becoming shorter and narrower toward
the innermost, which are linear, yellow, and yellowish
white at the apex; carpels 35-40, with carpellary styles ob-
long-obtuse, introrse, dark yellow; fruit globose, containing
more fertile seeds than N. “Mrs. Edwards Whitaker” but
considerably less than N. castaliiflora; leaves of submerged
seedling light green with reddish brown spots on the upper-
most side, ovate to deltoid; first floating leaves orbicular,
dark green spotted with greenish brown on the upper side,
under side light green tinted with bluish brown, spotted
with purple; developed leaves suborbicular, 14 inches across,
peltate, with deeply sinuate undulated margins, upper sur-
face dark green spotted with brownish purple, brownish
toward the margins, the under surface light green in the
center, pinkish toward the margins, spotted with reddish
brown; basal portion of leaves overlapping, terminating in
short acute lobes; sinus nearly closed.

x NYMPHAEA “MRS. WOODROW WILSON” HORT. VAR.
GIGANTEA, PRING, N. HYB.
(Nymphaea “Mrs. Woodrow Wilson” Tricker 9 x N.
castaliiflora Pring @ )

The viviparous habit of N. micrantha, the West African
species, is a dominant factor transfused through N. Dau-
beniana to the pistillate parent, of the hybrid. The pecu-
liar leaf vegetation is important, enabling the increase of
stock without the use of tubers. The latter in most cases
is a slow means of reproduction peculiar to the Brachyceras
group. The result of intercrossing N. “Mrs. Woodrow

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 93

Wilson” with the pink N. castaliiflora brought both the nor-
mal leaf development and the viviparous type, the flowers
retaining the bluish color of the seed parent. The seedlings
showing the vegetative leaf character have an extremely low
percentage of fertile seeds, whereas the non-vegetative types
have a high percentage of minute seeds for perpetuating the
type. The influence of the parent, NV. castaliiflora, is appar-
ent in the enlargement of the sepals and petals and the

Nymphaea “Mrs. Woodrow Wilson” var. gigantea:
1, sepal; 2, petals; 3, stamens; 4, submerged leaves
of seedling; 5, first floating leaf. One-half natural
size.

pinkish color fused in the sepals and the outer whorl of
petals. However, there is no increase in the number of
petals above that of the seed parent. The purple markings
are more numerous than in NV. “Mrs. Woodrow Wilson” ;
they are totally absent in the sepals and petals of N.
castaliiflora.

The variety so strongly suggests the seed parent that a
varietal name indicating a major form has been attached.
It may be distinguished from the type, however, by the tall
peduncles terminating in a much larger flower, darker blue
color, pink in the interior of the sepals and petals, the in-
tensified markings externally, the larger leaves overlap-

94 .- MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

ping one-third, the deeply undulated margins, and promi-
nent acuminate lobes at the base.

Description.—F lowers 7-8 inches across, opening 4-5
days during August, fragrant; bud ovate-acuminate, green ;
peduncle rising 1 foot above the water, in cross-section
showing 9 main air-canals surrounded by 17, these again
by irregular smaller ones; receptacles light yellow; sepals
4-wedged, lanceolate, 34% inches long, 14% inches wide,
prominently hooded at the apex, thick and fleshy in tex-
ture, outer surface green, yellowish green at the base, striped
with purple markings, shaded with blue at the margins,
inner surface pinkish white, showing 10-12 nerves; petals
20-25; outermost whorl lanceolate-obtuse, hooded at the
apex, 31% inches long, % of an inch wide, the outer surface
green prominently striped with purple, thick in texture ex-
cept along the blue margins, 7—S-nerved, inner surface
pinkish blue; inner whorls lavender-blue; stamens 140-150;
outermost whorl 1% inches long, with appendages ovate-
oblong at the base, yellow, brown on the dorsal side, pinkish
blue at the apex; the inner whorls shorter and narrower
toward the innermost, which are linear, yellow, white at
the apex; carpels 25-30 with carpellary styles short, obtuse ;
fruit globose, containing very few fertile seeds; leaves of
submerged seedling ovate to deltoid, with acute lobes, pri-
mary leaves light green, secondary leaves light green with
prominent brownish marmorations; first floating leaves
suborbicular with acute lobes, dark green sparsely spotted
with brown, brownish pink on the under side; developed
leaves orbicular, 14 inches across, deeply obtuse, sinuate-
dentate, green on the upper surface, pinkish green beneath;
basal portion of the leaves overlapping one-third, terminat-
ing in acuminate lobes, producing flowers at the insertion
of petiole and blade when not detached.

NOTES

The ladies attending the National Safety Congress visited
the Garden September 19.

Mr. Alexander Lurie, Horticulturist to the Garden, has
been elected a trustee of the St. Louis Florists’ Club.

During an absence of two weeks from the Garden, Mr.
Alexander Lurie visited places of horticultural interest in
New York, Philadelphia, and Washington.

Mrs. Katherine H. Leigh, Secretary to the Director, is now
in France, having been granted a leave of absence to accept
a position in the personnel department of the American Red
Cross.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN ne! A

Mr. John Noyes, formerly landscape adviser to the
Garden, has been appointed an assistant town planner, and
is now engaged in an elaborate Government housing prop-
osition at Davenport, Iowa.

Mr. C. L. Moody, formerly in charge of trees and shrubs
at the Garden, is at Camp Devens, Ayer, Mass., having at-
tained corporal rank since being drafted. Other Garden
employes who have entered the military service recently are
Mr. Adam Huber and Mr. C. MeGovern.

The 54th annual convention of the Society of American
Florists and Ornamental Horticulturists was in session in
St. Louis at the Moolah Temple, August 20-22. The mem-
bers and their wives were guests of the Garden the evening
of August 22, when a supper was served outdoors.

Recent visitors to the Garden include Captain A. R. Davis,
of the Coast Artillery, U. S. Reserves, formerly Research
Assistant at the Garden; Professor C. A. Shull, Associate
Professor of Plant Physiology and Genetics, University of
Kansas; Dr. A. L. Bakke, Assistant Professor of Botany,
Iowa State College; and Ensign Henry Schmitz, of the
Naval Reserves, formerly Rufus J. Lackland Fellow.

Of the former Garden pupils, Mr. Clarence Pedlow has
accepted a position as Instructor in Horticulture at the Agri-
cultural and Engineering College, Raleigh, N. C.; Mr. Carl
Giebel is now Sergeant in the Engineers Corps, stationed at
Chattanooga, Tenn.; Mr. Robert Mitchell has enlisted in the
Navy and is now at the Great Lakes Training Station; Mr.
N.S. Philippi is in an army railroad camp in Washington,
laying out roads through the forests; Private P. A. Kohl
has last been heard from in Tours, France; Sergeant George
Pedlow is on a furlough behind the lines, after having been
in the thick of the fight at Chateau Thierry.

STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR JUNE-
AUGUST, 1918

GARDEN ATTENDANCE:

TOcds Tuer Of. VigItOTe IR OUNG: i 22,486
Total numer or visitors Mm UUuly oe oe Vi oe EO SBS
Total Bomoer Or VISILOIe McCAUPIBt ee ae ee ee 19,278

PLANT ACCESSIONS:

Total number of plants and seeds donated in June......... 73
Total number of plants and seeds donated in July... ... is 400
Total number of plants collected in July................. 15

PLANT DISTRIBUTION :
Total number of plants distributed in exchange in July.... 403

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 96

LIBRARY ACCESSIONS:

Total number of books and pamphlets bought in June...... 32
Total number of books and pamphlets donated in June... .. 155
Total number of books and pamphlets bought in July...... 13
Total number of books and pamphlets donated in July..... 84
Total number of books and pamphlets bought in August. . . 5
Total number of manuscripts and pamphlets donated in
PUDUIRD ee cis es Gcite ek We eee pile ee olga amet 49

HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS:
By Purchase —

Rev. John Davis—Plants of Missouri, South Carolina, ete... 150
By Gift —
Prof. G. F. Atkinson — Thelephora, cuticularis Berk. from
MITRE has foe saa Mee oh Fhe We Lee oe Ome ee 1

Dr. John T. Buchholz—Drosera annua Reed, and a cultivated
specimen of Hlodea canadensis Michx. var. gigantea Hort.

STOW, APKANSAS (6a. sou. Oe er ts Siete on eee ee ety 2
H. Calkins—Cirsium arvense (1..) Seop. from Pacific, Mis-

BOUND 2s oo ed es ee ee ]
J. A. Drushel—Plants of the United States................ 14
J. A. Drushel—Plants of Missouri, Texas, and New York... 15
Dr. C. E. Fairman—Fungi of Orleans Co., New York.....-.. 3
Dr; H. D. House—Stereum Willeyt Pk. oo. oie es ee ]
Prof. H. M. Jennison—Fungi of Bozeman, Montana........ 3
I. M. Johnston—Senecio from California................-. 4
W. C. Lilley—Monotropa uniflora L. from Towa........... 1
C. G. Lloyd — Collections of Hymenochaete from various

loGalities: 25400 fe. i a i ee 85
S. H. Moreton—Hoheria populnea Cunn. from New Zealand. . ]
J. CO. Nelson—Senecto from Oregon... 20.6.0 e ce et es 3

Dr. Norma E. Pfeiffer—Hydrodictyon reticulatum (L.)
Lagrh. from Tower Grove Park, St. Louis... .....2.-.+-.. ]
A. D. Rudolph—Mutinus caninus from Illinois............- ]
Dr. J. R. Schramm—RKhinotrichum sp.......--+--+ ++ eee ]
Dr. J. R. Weir—Rocky Mountain Fungi........-......--. 6
By Exchange —
Prof. J. C. Arthur—Puecinia Eatoniae Arthur from Indiana,

and P. Liatridis (Ell. & And.) Bethel from Colorado..... 2

E, D. Merrill—“Species Blancoanae,’”’ Plants. of the Philip-
WUNG SSMU a ee ey oe 1,060
New York Botanical Garden—Plants of Jamaica.......... 76

University of Texas, by Dr. Mary 8. Young—Plants of
ROSAS osc ae eee a i eee 145

By Field Work —

Dr. J. M. Greenman—Plants of Missouri.........2........ 280
Dr. J. M. Greenman—Plants of St. Louis Co., Missouri..... 27
TOTAL ge a a ee a ee a, 1,883

The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New
Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas— week days from 8:00
A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from December to April,
1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to December, 2:00 P. M. until sunset.

The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue
and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer
south from all intersecting lines.

STAFF
OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

Director,

GEORGE T. MOORE,

BenjJAMIN MINGE DuccaR, Epwarp A. Burt,
Physiologist in charge of Graduate Laboratory. Mycologist and Librarian.

HERMANN VON SCHRENK, Jesse M. GREENMAN,
Pathologist. Curator of the Herbarium.

JAMES GURNEY,
Head Gardener, Emeritus.

ALEXANDER LURIE,
Horticulturist.

G. H. Princ,

Floriculturist.

J. J. CoucHuin, W. F. LANGan,
Construction. Engineer.
P. ForERsTer, H. VALLENTINE,

Farm and Stables. 5 Carpenter.

_ Missouri BoTaNIcAL
GARDEN BULLETIN

Vol. VI OCTOBER, 1918 , No 8 -

F

CONTENTS

Effect of Electricity on Plants - : - - 97
Winter Protection of Plants: SO ag, Tea ne Ue
‘Testing Of. Potato: VaneGés » =~ 562 40 3. 08")
INGORE Soar t) Sel Re Rn ON ein 1,
| Statistical Information <5 as Se OR

_$T. LOUIS, MO.
ee ‘ i _ 1918 ot
__ Published Monthly Except July and August by the Board of Trustees __

Be oe eo 3 gC RIPTION SRick 2, ake ag ak
_.ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR. SINGLE NUMBERS TEN CENTS _

j

BOARD OF TRUSTEES
OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

-

rae THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL, <
Saree AND THE BOARD SO CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF ;
THE RR ETO, MEMBERS, IS SELF-PERPETUATING.

ag EDWARDS WHITTAKER.

Sa hes Vice Bieilent, ;
DAVID S. H. SMITH.

: Pu Epwaro C Euior. Nest Leonarp MatTHews.

~ Gronce €. Hirrencoce. ee eee ‘Wituam H. H. Petrus, ee
eRe Cuouresu Marr. - gale: Pim C. Scantay. #
% . Epwaxo Mauuiexnoor. a Sy OMe F. SHEPLEY. :

pr

‘EX-OFFICI o MEMBERS

‘e ? Repoemcx A. ink f oo ; Georce r. Moore, at
re Chancellor of Washington Universy. a4 President of The weademy of Scien of a?

: Hany w. AS): ie may ’ ne ieee i. Wourwer, Av
_ Per ot the Cif oP. , ae eg President ofthe Board of Education of ghee
i “Diwel 8. ‘Turrs, : ay ¥ a
Bishop of the Diocese of Missouri. Ee Pe cg

"CHARLES A. Ro®, Secretary

aes

Mo, Bor. GARD. BULL., VOL. 6, 1918 PLATE 20.

“ELECTRIFIER” USED AT THE GARDEN.

Missouri Botanical
Garden Bulletin

Vol. VI St. Louis, Mo., October, 1918 No. 8

EFFECT OF ELECTRICITY ON PLANTS

The relation that exists between electrical stimulation
and plant growth has been a subject of many experiments
of varied range, resulting in conflicting and contradictory
conclusions. Investigations have been carried on for over
150 years, since it was first supposed that electricity, which
manifests itself so universally in nature, would be capable
of plant stimulation under certain conditions. It has been
shown by Elfving, Brunchorst, etc., that roots are susceptible
to the influence of galvanic currents. Through the experi-
ments of Kunkel it has also been proved that electric cur-
rents exist in plants and that differences in potential
(Haake) are caused by metabolism and respiration.

The greatest attention was at first centered upon the in-
fluence of current electricity on plants. In 1746, Main-
bray, Nollet, and Jallabert tried the effects of electric cur-
rents upon fruit trees and seeds with marked stimulative
results. Vigor and germinative powers were found to be
considerably increased by the experiments of Boze, Menon,
De Lacepede, Marat, etc., but Gardini, Sylvestre, Paets, and
several others secured negative results with overhead elec-
tric wires. While Humboldt believed that electricity ex-
erted considerable influence on plant growth, de Candolle
concluded that its effect was negligible. In 1844 Forster’s
experiments with barley and Ross’s experiments with pota-
toes by means of galvanic culture showed such promise as
to arouse considerable interest. On the other hand, very
careful extensive investigations of Wollny upon rye, beans,
potatoes, beets, etc. showed negative results.

Lemstrém obtained favorable results with static electricity
in a large number of cases, suspending wire meshes over
plants and connecting the former with the positive pole, the
negative pole being connected with the ground. Due to the
eareful methods ig Ce as well as the extended period
of experimentation, his results are deemed trustworthy. He
demonstrated that strong charges were unfavorable, and

(97)

98 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

he further arrived at the conclusion that electricity acts in
an indirect way, and that a zone is produced by electrical
discharges which have an influence on plants. More recent
work by Monahan, Kinney, and Stone showed considerable
acceleration in seed germination and growth through the
aid of weak currents.

In 1917 Prof. Hendrick reported upon four years’ tests
carried on in England with overhead installation and ar-
rived at the general conclusion that no consistent improve-
ment in crops grown was noticeable. In February, 1918,
however, an electrical engineer, R. C. McCreery, of Chicago,
issued a report upon effects of electrification of corn and
beets. The results showed an increase in germination of
seed of 31-39 per cent, an increase in pride of growth
of 30-50 per cent, increased production of forage and grain
of 30-40 per cent. The device employed distributes the cur-
rent through special electrodes embedded in the soil at a
depth of 6 inches in parallel lines along two opposite sides
of the field. From these a high-frequency alternating cur-
rent is driven through the surface of the soil where it is
held by lines of less resistance created by metallically coat-
ing the seeds with a non-deteriorating metal before planting.

Since the general belief has been that rational electrifica-
tion of plants favors their development, increases growth,
and hastens maturity, it seemed desirable to attempt to
prove or disprove the efficacy of this method of plant
growth stimulation. With this end in view the Garden
secured an apparatus from France called “Electrifier,” pat-
ented by Henry de Graffigny. The apparatus consists of
a so-called “electrifier” constructed of bronze with 5 prongs
of pure nickel, non-rustible and infusible, a copper wire at-
tached to the bottom of the bronze part, a pole 15-35 feet
long, a switch, a galvanized iron pane with an eye for
fastening to the pole, a tarred rope for sliding the electrifier
down to the base, and two porcelains for attaching the rope
to the pole.

The apparatus was set up in the following manner: The
soil was removed to a depth of 114 feet, the radius of the
plot being equal to the length of the pole; the pulley was
affixed to the top of the pole, while the switch and the por-
celains were placed near the base; the tarred rope was
passed through the pulley in order to permit of lowering
the electrifier to examine the points occasionally; the pole
was then placed in the ground deep enough to be absolutely
stable; ¥g-inch galvanized iron wire was stretched every
3 feet at the base of the pole and connected with the copper

Mo. Bor. GARD. BULL., VOL. 6, 1918. PLATE 21

COMPARISON OF AVERAGE PLANT FROM CHECKED PLOT WITH ONE FROM
“ELECTRIFIED” PLOT.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 99

wire attached to the electrifier; finally the soil was moved
back over the wires, the plot being ready for planting.

On May 18, 1916, the apparatus was set up, using a
15-foot pole and a plot 30x xO feet which was divided into
four parts. Tomatoes, string beans, sweet corn, and Salvia
lendens were planted in the individual sections. Another
lot 30 x 30 feet was selected and similar plants were used
in the individual sections, serving as a check. The soil was
worked in a similar manner but no wires were used.

At the end of the season of 1916 tomatoes ripened two
weeks, and corn ten days, earlier upon the electrified plot.
Tomatoes averaged 10 to the plant on the electrified and 5
to the plant on the non-electrified plot. Corn and beans
showed no difference in yield, while salvia began flowering
earlier and attained double the size upon the electrified plot.

The experiment was repeated during the season of 1917,
showing ripening of tomatoes and corn to correspond exactly
to that of the previous season. Beans and salvia also ma-
tured and flowered one week earlier upon the electrified plot.
In yield the tomatoes averaged 11 per plant upon the
electrified and 8 per plant upon the non-electrified plot,
while beans yielded 14 pounds upon electrified and 914
pounds upon non-electrified. Salvia showed a composite
growth of a single plant of 20.6 feet against 14.1 feet upon
the non-electrified plot.

In 1918 a repetition of the same experiment, shifting the
apparatus to the plot previously used as check, showed sim-
ilar results, The earliness of maturity, as well as the yields,
remained constant for all crops. Salvia did not show quite
the decided difference as in previous experiments, the elec-
trified plants averaging 17.3 feet, while the others averaged
12.5 feet.

The results of the experiments conducted indicate that
there would appear to be some merit in the apparatus and
the methods employed. All crops which he opie were
influenced by an electric current conveyed by the apparatus
showed considerable increase in vegetative, as well as re-
productive, growth, and the date of maturity was hastened.

The phenomena underlyin electrical stimulation are still
imperfectly understood and the precise Bu, eng of any
favorable results obtained is not known. here are many
- theories, however, in regard to its action. Nollet, Jallabert,
and Lemstrém held that the accelerated growth was induced
by increase in the movements of the sap. Tschinkel main-
tained that electricity rendered soluble the salts and. other
constituents, while Jadro believed in the mechanical action,

100 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

as well as the chemical, which set particles of soil into a
state of vibration resulting in greater growth. Kinney and
Stone have shown that positive charges increased the growth
of roots, while negative ones acted on the stems. This
might be explained by the fact that the protoplasm of the
roots and stems contains particles which are charged pos-
itively and negatively.

In general, it may be said that while some experiments
seem to demonstrate the favorable effect of the electrical
treatment, many others are negative or may be explained
on other grounds. Before any definite practical application
can be made of the use of electricity in growing plants, it is
necessary to realize (1) the need for quantitative measure-
ments of the electric discharge, (2) that a stimulus may
act differently on the plant at different stages of its life, (3)
that the effect of the stimulus depends upon its intensity,
(4) that the effect of the stimulus depends on the time at
which it is applied, and (5) that the effect of the stimulus
may appear a considerable time after it is applied.

\

EFFECT OF ELECTRICITY ON PLANTS
(Averages for three years)

Average | Average number| Date
Treatment of plot Crop growth of of

per plant fruits maturity
MiecteiSed ss Tomato | 13 ft. 12 per plant | July 10
Non-electrified ........ Tomato | 11 ft. 7perplant j|July 22
Electrified ........... Corn 13 ft. 2per plant | Aug. 10
Non-electrified ........ Corn 10 ft. 2per plant | Aug. 20
Electrified ........... Beans 2.44 ft.| 14 Ibs. per plot | July 5
Non-electrified ........ Beans 2.03 ft.| 10 lbs. per plot | July 12
Electrified ........... Seva 900 fb. iii st vas July 10
Non-electrified ........ PRY =) Pi TR Fiend s cies aclu July 20

WINTER PROTECTION OF PLANTS

Effective winter protection consists of assistance rendered
by man to nature in its effort to carry plants through the
hardships of severe winters. The attempts to afford pro-
tection to tender plants generally result in a futile waste
of time and money. It is difficult to protect a tender plant
from frost when the thermometer stands below zero and the

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 101

ground has been frozen two or more feet deep, for under such
conditions its temperature will soon equalize itself with
that of the surrounding air, despite a thick covering. The
function of a protective dressing lies chiefly in its reduc-
tion of evaporation, which is very excessive during dry
winters of light snowfall. Being “teaiis, the roots cannot
respond to the drain upon the plant’s system, and the parts
exposed to the action of the atmosphere consequently
shrivel. A mulch also serves a useful purpose in prevent-
ing alternate thawing and freezing, which is particularly
injurious in heavy soils, causing the heaving out of plants
with irreparable damage to the roots. Excessive packin
and baking of the ground through the weight of snow an
rain is also eliminated.

The chief protection afforded trees and shrubs usually con-
sists of a mulch 4—6 inches deep of well-rotted manure,
straw, or other litter, placed over the roots when planted in
the fall. If planting is to be delayed until spring, the trees
or shrubs may be heeled in; i. e., the roots are laid in a
shallow trench, covered with well-drained, sandy soil, and
later given a covering of straw. Occasionally, newly
planted, large trees need protection over winter in order to
acclimate them ually to a colder climate than that of
their nativity. Such trees should be given a mulch at the
roots, while the tops should be tied close to the main trunk,
covered with a 6-inch thickness of straw or hay, and finally
tied with burlap. The latter serves to keep the wind out
and sheds water. Where available, hemlock boughs effec-
tively replace the straw and burlap.

Among shrubs the rhododendrons as a class require
winter protection. When planted, a location sheltered from
winds and midday sun should be selected, a ican ever-
green being an admirable windbreak. In addition, as soon
as cold weather sets in, a mulch of leaves 10-12 inches deep
should be placed over the roots, while tall evergreen boughs
should be stuck into the ground and bent over the tops of
the plants.

Native roses, as well as many of the hardy Chinese and
Japanese kinds, need no covering, but the various hybrid
types, such as hybrid perpetuals, hybrid teas, teas, etc., will
not withstand our winters unless a measure of protection is
afforded. The climbers, being largely offspring of the
hardy Wichuraiana and multiflora types, are comparatively
hardy except during such a severe winter as was experienced
in 1917-18. To be reasonably sure of saving the entire
cane growth and thus preserving the flower buds, the long
canes should be laid down, pegged to the ground, and cov-

102 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

ered with a mulch of soil 10 inches deep combined with a
light layer of manure on top. A mere mat of straw placed
around the canes on the trellis will be of little avail in severe
weather. It is essential in covering the vines that no por-
tion be left exposed, otherwise the entire cane above the
dead section will have to be removed, nullifying the whole
rocedure. The tender roses should be protected by hillin
oose soil around each plant to a depth of 6-8 inches an
mulching the entire Beds with a 3-4-inch covering of well-
rotted, strawy manure. The wood above the mulch will
shrivel and die during winter, but since the flowers are
borne upon new wood in the spring no damage is done. The
mulch ontd be put on just before continuous cold weather
sets in and removed as soon as the sap begins to flow in
the spring. Failure to remove the nick in the spring will
cause a spindly growth which may be killed back by late
frosts. Small beds may be covered by placing a wooden
frame around the bed and stuffing it with straw or hay.
Boxes, barrels, and other contrivances may be used, * ath
viding care is taken to avoid smothering plants or allow-
ing water to stand at the rovts.

In loose sandy soils the herbaceous perennials need but
little protection besides their natural covering of dead
branches and leaves. However, a light mulch 2-3 inches
deep placed over perennial beds after the ground has frozen
is beneficial, particularly in heavy soils where heaving is
liable to take place. Too heavy a covering has a tendency
to rot the crowns of such biennials as Digitalis, Campanula,
etc., and a heavy snowfall without any mulch is usually the
best protection. Young herbaceous perennials and pansies
are best wintered over in cold-frames. The plants should be
allowed to freeze and straw mats then be placed over the
frames. Sufficient light and ventilation should be afforded
to prevent the plants from rotting, but not enough to thaw
oC ae and early in the spring the mats should be re-
moved,

A somewhat different method of winter protection has
been tried, based upon the theory that dark colors absorb
heat, while light colors reflect it. In this latitude winter
se SES the peach fruit buds is usually due to freezing
after being stimulated into growth by warm weather. This
stimulus may be due entirely to warmth and be practically
independent of root action. It has been found that fruit
buds may safely endure 10-20 degrees below zero if well
matured, but if swollen by premature warmth may be killed
at zero. Several applications of whitening during winter
and spring have been of benefit in reducing winter killing.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 103

Whitewash mixed with 1 pound of salt to every bucketful
was the material used.

TESTING OF POTATO VARIETIES

During the season of 1918, which was particularly un-
favorable for potato culture in this vicinity, a number of
varieties were tested at the Garden in order to determine
the relative value of each under the climatic conditions of
St. Louis. While too great reliance should not be placed
upon the results, since they represent the tests for but a
single year, the table given below indicates that there is a
wy decided difference in the yield from different varieties,
and that while within certain limits the number of potatoes
obtained from one variety might vary, the probabilities are
that of those tested the Irish Cobbler, Early Ohio, and
Triumph potatoes are the ones most likely to produce the
highest yield in this vicinity. The table also indicates that
the much-advertised method of planting potato peelings in-
stead of strong eyes does not seem to be worth while for
St. Louis growers.

3 .| Amount Length of Harvest

dt La planted row Per 210 ft.| Per acre
Irish Cobbler........ 1 pk. 210 ft. 1.92 bu. | 161 bu.
Early Ohio... 2.5... 1 pk. 210 ft. 1.43 bu. | 120 bu.
SEO ha parents 1 pk. 210 ft. 1.12 bu. 94 bu.
Early Seer ae 1 pk. 210 ft. -76 bu. 64 bu.
Carman No fo 1 pk. 210 ft. 68 bu. 57 bu.
Rural New Yorker... 1 pk. 210 ft. 59 bu. 50 bu.
fgg: 0) anne ree oe ee 1 pk. 210 ft. .40 bu. 34 bu.
| ee RES Reem errs 210 ft. Roe Sie eee ee.

Since many ingenious methods for ei ine, Sate ee have
been developed at various times for the benefit of the
amateur, a few tests were made in order to determine
whether these methods were practicable or not. One of the
most widely advocated means of growing potatoes for the
backyard is the so-called barrel method. Last spring a piece
of ground 2 feet square was carefully fertilized, and 500

ams of selected pieces of potatoes were planted 2 inches

eep in this space. A barrel open at both ends and with
perforations at intervals on the sides was placed over the
— area. As the vines grew the barrel was gradually

led with rich soil until finally the foliage extended over
the top. According to the claims made for this system,

tatoes should form all —— the vine to the top of the
ony producing a crop which far exceeds one grown in

104 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

the normal way. The test at the Garden, however, does not
warrant such a conclusion, as the crop harvested weighed
but 100 grams, or only one-fifth of the amount planted.

Another method advocated for those who have not suf-
ficient garden space to grow potatoes in the ground consists
of using several bins placed one upon the other. These are
filled with rich soil and planted in the ordinary manner
with pieces of potatoes containing one or more strong eyes.
In the test at the Garden 5,000 grams of potatoes planted
in this manner yielded but 470 grams.

Results obtained from one year’s test at the Garden would
indicate, therefore, that neither of these two special methods
are worthy of serious consideration for those who have to
grow potatoes under the rather unfavorable conditions which
must always obtain in this vicinity.

NOTES

An article on “Fall Planting” by Mr. Alexander Lurie,
Horticulturist to the Garden, appeared in the October num-
ber of the Garden Magazine.

Dr. George T. Moore, Director of the Garden, has been
appointed Director of the Productions Division of the United
States Food Administration for St. Louis.

Prof. E. T. Bartholomew, Assistant Professor of Botany,
University of Wisconsin, accompanied by Mrs. Barthol-
omew, visited the Garden September 20, on their return
east from California.

Mr. R. S. Kirby, who is engaged upon cereal rust in-
vestigations for the. United States Department of Agricul-
ture, spent several days at the Garden recently and has es-
tablished here experimental plots for rust “wintering over”
tests.

The Se eg issue of the Journal of the International
Garden Club contains an article on “Wild Plants in Orna-
mental Planting” by Mr, Alexander Lurie, Horticulturist
to the Garden, and one on “Cycads” by Mr. G. H. Pring,
Floriculturist to the Garden.

Volume V, Number 38, of the Annals of the Missouri
Botanical Garden has been issued with the following
contents:

“The Thelephoraceae of North America. IX.” E. A. Burt.

“A New Selaginella from Mexico.” J. M. Greenman
and Norma E. Pfeiffer.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 105

“Algological Notes. III. A Wood-penetrating Alga,
Gomontia lignicola, n. sp.” George T. Moore.

The Rufus J. Lackland fellowships for the year 1918-19
have been appointed as follows:

Mr. R. W. Webb, B.S. Clemson College; and Prof. R. A.
‘McGinty, B.S. Alabama Polytechnic Institute, Associate
Professor of Horticulture, Colorado Agricultural College.

Other appointments include the following:

Mrs. Emily D. Schroeder, M.S. Washington University,
research assistant; Miss Joanne L. Karrer, B.S. and M.S.
University of Washington, teacher of biology and chem-
istry, Puyallup High School, Puyallup, Washington, and
Mrs. Adele L. Grant, B.S. University of California, teaching
fellows in the Henry Shaw School of Botany of Washington
University.

In addition to the above, Mr. T. Matsumato, B.S. Tohoku
Imperial University, Japan, M.S. University of California,
is enrolled as a graduate student; and Dr. S. M. Zeller, B.S.
Greenville College, A.B. and A.M. University of Wash-
ington, Ph.D. Washington University, has been reappointed
special investigator by the Yellow Pine Association to con-
tinue his studies on the durability of wood.

106 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR SEPTEMBER,

1918
GARDEN ATTENDANCE:
POURS NOUIDOE OL VIBINOIS | oes FS Sa is a OR we 28,219
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS:
Total number of books and pamphlets bought............. 23
Total number of books and pamphlets donated............ 122
HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS:
By Purchase —
Milton T. Greenman— Plants from Door County, Wis-
OUR oc ee easel ph ars on Oe a 120
P. Jérgensen—Plants of Argentina...................... 328
By Gift —
Jos. R. Bohr—Prunus from Michigan.................... xe |
Ira W. Clokey—Senecios from Colorado.................. 10
J. A. Drushel—Plants of the United States............... 23
Dr. W. H. Emig—Mosses of Oklahoma................... 3
Forest Products Laboratory of Canada, McGill University
—Fungi destructive to timber of mills................ 3
Dr. Geo. T. Moore—Cuscuta Epithymum Murr. from Massa-
CUUSETIE SS ye ons espe er ee a eee ee i
Dr. L. O. Overholts—Fungi from New Hampshire......... ll
Prof. Chas. A. Shull— Xanthium globosum Shull from
nh Ee ee eee ee eee PE ee Ys
BONN COEUR AGS 507

The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New
Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas— week days from 8:00
A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from December to April,
1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to December, 2:00 P. M. until sunset.

The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue
and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer
south from all intersecting lines.

STAFF _
OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

| Director,

GEORGE T. MOORE.

BENJAMIN MINce Duccar, Epwarp A. Burt,
Physiologist in charge of Graduate Laboratory. Mycologist and Librarian.
HERMANN VON SCHRENK, Jesse M. GreenMAN,
Pathologist. Curator of the nes Saciacgs

Karuerine H. Leicu,
Secretary to the Director.

James GuRNEY,
Head Gardener, Emeritus.

“ALEXANDER LuRIE,

Horticulturist.
} G. H. Princ,
Floriculturist.
J. J. Covcutn, "s W. F. Lancan,
Construction. Engineer,
P. FOERSTER, - H. VALEENTINE,

Farm and Stables. ; at Carpenter

Mussourt BoTANICAL
GARDEN JBULLETIN

Vol, VI NOVEMBER, 1918 No. 9

CONTENTS

oraning 7 to hc ee Sper a8 1 Pe ae
Additional Gift of Orchids by Mr. D.S. Brown -~ - 113
Mette Seis arte ee a an ee
Statistical Information - - + - - +126

ST. LOUIS, MO.
“ 1918 ¢.
Published Monthly Except July and August by the Board of Trustees —

Sige Sti ae, SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: ; % ist
ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR oe SINGLE NUMBERS TEN CENTS

BOARD OF TRUSTEES
oF THE MISSOURI | BOTANICAL GARDEN

THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE 1 DESIGNATED IN MR, SHAW’S WILL,
AND (THE BOARD so CONSTITUTED, EXCLUSIVE OF |. ~
_ THE agate Yeh een 7 eae Atl psa deskunk lecieu i

EDWARDS | WHITAKER. | PR a ee

; rr DAVID 8. H. SMITH. Ste Ree
- Leowaro Marngews, ae etter

Epwano fe Bur.

Wie H. H. Pers. *
- Pause S Sonwtan, ip ii

Jou F. Survey,

Mo. Bor. Garp. BULL., VOL. 6, 1918. PLATE 22.

SAME TREE PROPERLY PRUNED.

Missouri Botanical
Garden Bulletin

Vol. VI St. Louis, Mo., November, 1918 No. 9

PRUNING

Pruning is a horticultural practice of great importance,
but its object is frequently misunderstood and its results
looked upon with distrust. When improperly done it may
be devitalizing and injurious to plant growth as well as
detrimental to its beauty; but the experience of centuries,
together with extensive physiological studies and the prec-
edent in nature, warrants the conclusion that scientific —
pruning is a legitimate procedure, advantageous, and in fact
indispensable, to successful growth.

The essentials of pruning consist in the removal of ex-
cessive or undesirable living or dead branches and _ roots
for the benefit of the parts that remain. In intelligent
hands the process is of vital importance, but as often prac-
ticed by tree “butchers” and other “experts” who aimlessly
lop and shear trees and shrubs, the only result is to endanger
their growth and to despoil them of their natural beauty.
The principles of pruning will be considered here under
the following heads: (1) street and lawn trees, (2) orna-
mental shrubs and vines, and (8) fruit trees, bush fruits,
and grapes.

Street and Lawn Trees—The need for pruning trees
first arises at the time of transplanting. Since even with
the greatest precautions it is impossible to dig up all the
roots, it is necessary to cut back the top to maintain a bal-
ance. The amount of cutting depends upon the nature of
the roots, the less fibrous SENS greater reduction at the
top. Usually the removal of four-fifths of the previous
year’s growth is sufficient, a smooth cut being made just
above an outward-pointing bud. The amount of top prun-
ing also depends upon the ease with which the various
species are transplanted. A more severe pruning Is re-
quired for trees difficult to move, such as magnolias, sweet
gums, and tulip trees, than for maples, sycamores, elms,
poplars, ashes, etc. In general, however, it is better to
prune too much rather than not enough, for the more se-

(107)

108 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

vere the pruning the more compact is the top with an abun-
dance of shoots close to the stem. The roots require no
pruning except where bruised or broken.

In this first operation there is no difference in treatment
between the lawn and street tree. In later treatment the
lawn tree is allowed to grow at will and to assume its nat-
ural form, requiring but little attention except the careful
removal of dying limbs. On the other hand, the street tree
must be straight and symmetrical, with branches beginning
at a height sufficient to permit free passage underneath.
These essentials are secured through the medium of pruning.
The lower branches should be allowed to remain until the
trunk thickens enough to support the top, their removal
then being accomplished in yearly intervals until a height
of 10-12 feet is reached.

The training of the crown consists of the suppression of
some branches and the encouragement of others to produce
a compact and symmetrical me i A single leader is de-
sirable in order to eliminate the danger of the formation of
crotches with their tendency to split. Strength may be
thrown into the central stem either by the removal or short-
ening of co-leaders. In cases where tops bend over and
droop the leader may be tied with raffia to poles and thus
forced to remain upright until strong enough to need no
support. The loss of a leader may be replaced by training
a lateral twig to take its place. All dead and imperfect limbs
should be removed. If the top becomes so dense as to exclude
the sun from the sidewalk or near-by buildings it should
be thinned by removing the third or fourth division of
branching, but not the main laterals. In eliminating the low-
er branches the main laterals need not be removed to any
great height, the subdivisions being cut so as to produce a
graceful upward sweep.

It is essential to bear in mind that the natural shape and
habit of the tree should be preserved and all artificia shap-
ing avoided. The retaining of the natural form involves
considerable skill which is often obviousl lacking in the
treatment of many of our street trees. hey should not,
however, be permitted to Pies beyond certain bounds, their
spread being restricted when too much shade is cast. upon
the roadway or adjoining houses. Shortening of branches
Is necessary to produce compactness of form. Since the root
system usually has the same diameter as the top, and as the
poor street soil generally restricts the growth of the roots,
the spread of the top should be limited in roportion. The
necessity for cutting back is manifested i the branches
becoming ragged toward the top and the foliage thin.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 109

Severe cutting back is sometimes necessitated when regular
pruning has been neglected, the degree of severity depend-
ing upon the power of the tree to send out adventitious
buds. Sycamores, soft maples, elms, and poplars lend them-
selves well to heading back.

The operation of pruning should begin at the top, as
by doing so it is easier to shape the tree, besides saving
time in clearing off the cut limbs. All cuts should be made
close to the base of the limb and parallel to the axis of the
trunk. Stubs should never be left, as decay would soon
ensue, penetrating to the heart and eventually destroying
the tree. To avoid splitting and tearing the bark, the limb
should be sawed half way through on the under side about
10 inches from the base, and the final cut made at the
shoulder. The weight of the limb will cause it to split off
at the upper cut without injuring the bark. If the limb
is so large as not to split horizontally to the upper cut, the
cut at the shoulder is made half way through and then an-
other cut opposite will cause the limb to drop off. The stub
left is then easily sawed off without damage. No matter
how small the scar, a protective and disinfectant dressing
should be applied immediately to prevent decay until the
callus grows over the wound. Paint made of linseed oil
and white lead makes a good dressing provided it is applied
again after checking of the wood has taken place. Coal
tar and various asphalt preparations also make desirable
dressings.

Heavy pruning should be done in the fall or winter while
the trees are in a dormant condition. The shaping should
be done during August or September when it is easier to
discover the weak, imperfect or dead branches. Early spring
or summer pruning is not advisable, as the rapid flow of sap
leads to bleeding, stripping of the bark, and a check to the
root system by removal of elaborated food material.

The tools required for pruning are: pruning saws
of various sizes, but always single-edged, as a double-
edged saw is harmful to the tree; an ax; a pole pruner;
pruning shears; and a ladder.

Ornamental Shrubs, Roses, and Vines.—The pruning of
shrubs at the time of transplanting is similar in principle
to that suggested for trees. A balance should be maintained
between the root system and the to by cutting back the
individual branches at least one-fourth, the severity depend-
ing upon the root system and the species planted. The gen-
eral purpose of pruning shrubs is to aid the plant to assume
its natural form and characteristic beauty, and therefore only

110 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

diseased, interfering, or misshapen growths should be re-
moved. Occasionally the dictates of formal gardening re-
uire shaping into artificial forms, but ordinarily such
shearing results in mutilation and disfigurement. Trimming
of shrubs is justified when increased vigor is sought, this
being accomplished by gradual thinning of the old wood
and, in exceptional cases, cutting back to the ground plants
that lose their winter attractiveness as the stems grow old
(Cornus, Kerria, etc.). Before any pruning of shrubs is
attempted it is essential to recognize their flowering habits.
The spring and early summer-blooming kinds produce
flowers upon wood which is formed during the previous
year, thus necessitating pruning shortly after the flowering
season so that the new growths may steko buds for the
next season. ‘The late summer and fall-blooming plants
produce flowers on the same season’s wood and require
Shen in the fall. In either case, the work should be
one after flowering.

The following table indicates the more common shrubs
and the Spe to which they belong. Those marked with
8

an asterisk are profited by annual pruning.
SPRING AND SUMMER- LATE SUMMER AND FALL-
FLOWERING FLOWERING

Benzoin aestivale *Amorpha fruticosa

Berberis Thunbergii *Buddleia Davidii (cut back in
Cercis canadensis spring to prevent danger of rot-
Chionanthus virginica ting)

Cornus (numerous species) Ceanothus americanus
Cotoneaster (numerous species) Cephalanthus occidentalis
*Deutzia (numerous species) *Clethra alnifolia
*Diervilla hybrida Hamamelis virginiana

Dirca palustris Hibiscus syriacus

Elaeagnus angustifolia *Hydrangea arborescens
Euonymus (several species) *Hydrangea paniculata
Forsythia (several species) *Sambucus canadensis
Hippophae rhamnoides *Sorbaria arborea
*Kerria japonica Spiraea Billiardii

Ligustrum (several species) Spiraea Douglasii

Lonicera (several species) Spiraea tomentosa
Philadelphus (several species) Symphoricarpos racemosus
Physocarpus opulifolius *Vitex incisa

Rhamnus cathartica
Rhodotypos kerrioides
Robinia hispida

Spiraea prunifolia

*Spiraea Thunbergii

Spiraea Van Houttei
*Stephanandra flexuosa
Syringa (numerous species)
Viburnum (numerous species)

The matter of pruning hedges is of vital importance.
The prime requisite of a hedge is a thick bottom, which is

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 111

secured in most cases by a severe cutting back, sometimes to
within 6 inches of the ground, at the time of planting.
Most hedges require trimming several times a year, the last
cutting being given early enough in the fall to allow thor-
ough ripening of the wood and avoidance of winter killing.
The best form for a hedge is rounded at top, permitting a
more natural development. The privets, however, readily
adapt themselves to the flat-top pruning.

Garden roses represent many species, differing in habit
and requiring different treatments. Before pruning the hy-
brid teas one must decide what kind of a crop is wanted.
If the largest and finest flowers are sought the plants must
be thinned and pruned severely, but where abundance is of
prime importance for effect, more shoots are left. Prunin
of hybrid teas consists of two operations—thinning of dea
or weak canes and cutting back the remainder, being per-
formed in the order given. In general the eng goto:
varieties can be pruned more heavily than those of strong
growth. By hard, moderately hard, medium, and sparing
pruning the following is meant:

Hard—Thin out all but 3-5 canes and cut these to 3

eyes each.

Moderately hard—Thin out all but 3-5 canes and cut
_ back to 5-10 eyes. .
Medium—tThin out to 5-7 shoots and cut back one-half.

Sparing—Thin out to 5-7 shoots and trim the tips.

oe foe perpetuals do not require severe pruning, bein
usually thinned out but a trifle and the canes cut to

feet from the ground unless winter-killed. The shoots should
be shortened after blooming, so that strong new canes may
be secured for the next season. The polyanthas and baby
ramblers usually require the removal of fruits, while the
rugosas and moss roses need only the old and scraggly shoots
cut out. The climbing roses need little attention except to
keep them within bounds, allowing relatively few canes to
grow, which should be well spaced on the trellis, and re-
moving the old ones from time to time. The Wichuraiana
and rambler types produce flowers om the wood of the
previous year and thus should be pruned after flowering
and in the spring.

Vine pruning consists merely of removing the old shoots
and cutting tak straggling growths, bearing the same prin-
ciple in mind as that for shrubs in so far as the blooming

riod is concerned—namely, pruning after blooming.

ines which are grown for their ornamental fruit should
be cut hard in early spring, as they fruit on the new wood.

112 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Fruit Trees, Bush Fruits, and Grapes.—Fruit trees are
pruned for the purpose of enabling them to produce a su-
perior quality of fruit, the fundamental conception being to
reduce the struggle for existence among branches so _ that
the remainder may yield larger and finer products. Heavy
pruning of the top during dormancy produces very vigorous
growth, due to the same amount of root energy being con-
centrated into a smaller top. Conversely, heavy pruning of
roots reduces wood growth, the top receiving less water sup-
ply from the diminished roots. Too vigorous a growth reduces
fruitfulness and should be avoided. It is essential to know
the fruiting habits of various fruits for intelligent pruning.
The apple and the pear bear upon spurs, while the peac
bears upon shoots of previous season’s growth, indicating
that similar methods cannot be employed in the two cases.
The entire operation usually resolves itself into a systematic,
yearly thinning-out of weak, interfering branches, thereby
deflecting energy into the sound limbs and at the same
time promoting healthfulness by admitting the sun to the
innermost parts and permitting convenient spraying and
picking.

In order to lay the fundamentals of a desirable head,
young trees are pruned so as to leave 4-5 of the best
side branches which are headed back to a few buds each.
The leader is removed to make an open-headed tree, except
in the case of the peach and plum, where it is left, and the
side branches pruned to spurs of one bud each. Old, weak,
and neglected trees may be considerably revived and renewed
by severe pruning known as “dehorning.” The severity of
heading-in depends largely upon the vigor of the tree, each
branch being cut back several feet.

_ The bearing habits of bush fruits differ widely, the va-
rious kinds requiring individual treatment. Blackberries,
raspberries, and dewberries bear on canes of the preceding
year. Their pruning consists in: (1) removing superfluous
shoots from the base of the plant, leaving 5-6 canes; (2)
heading back the shoots Shen they are 2144-3 feet high,
causing them to become stocky and throw out laterals; (3)
heading back these laterals to 12-20 inches in length early
in the spring before growth starts; (4) cutting out the canes
soon after harvesting the fruit.

The canes of currants and gooseberries bear several times,
but the first two or three crops are the best. It is therefore
desirable each year after the plants have come into bearing
to cut one or more of the oldest canes and to encourage new
ones. Neglecting the removal of old canes leads to pro-
duction of small fruit, induces taller growth, and encourages

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 113

the ravages of the currant borer. Too vigorous a growth
may be headed back.

To understand grape pruning it is essential to know that:
(1) the fruit is borne on wood of the present season; (2) a
vine should bear only a limited number of clusters—30-80, de-
Ree upon the variety; (3) the bearing wood should be

ept near the original trunk or head of the vine, otherwise the
fruit will be borne further and further from the main trunk.
The current systems of pruning renew to a head or main
trunk each year. The trunk is carried up to the top of the
trellis and two canes are taken from the top each year, their
length varying from 6 to 12 nodes, depending upon the va-
riety. A renewal cane is grown each year near the head, so
that the old canes may be cut out yearly, thus keep-
ing the fruit always near the trunk. Grape prpnine should
be done during the winter or early spring before the flow
of sap so as to prevent “bleeding”.

ADDITIONAL GIFT OF ORCHIDS BY
MR. D. S. BROWN

An account of the donation to the Missouri Botanical
Garden by Mr. D. 8S. Brown, of orchids, ferns, palms, ete.
was given in the May, 1918, number of the Butierin. At
that time it was stated that Mr. Brown’s gift placed the
Garden in possession of the most complete collection of
orchids in the United States, comprising, exclusive of the
cypripediums, 691 species. Recently Mr. Brown has decided
to present to the Garden the remainder of his orchid col-
lection consisting of cypripediums and selenipediums and
including many rare and beautiful specimens which could
only be duplicated with the greatest difficulty, if at all.
Through the generous public spirit of Mr. Brown the Mis-
souri Botanical Garden will now be able to display these
wonderful plants as never before. The entire collection of
orchids now at the Garden includes 1,235 species and va-
rieties, which, with many duplicates of the more common

forms, makes a total of 5,732 plants.

PAPHIOPEDILUMS (CYPRIPEDIUMS) AND PHRAGMOPEDILUMS
(SELENIPEDIUMS) IN GARDEN COLLECTION

(Nomenclature that of Rolfe and Hurst, The Orchid Stud Book, and
Sander’s Orchid Guide.) —

Paphiopedilum X Aasenii (Fairieanum X Swanianum 9 +" 4S

P. X Abraham Lincoln (X Niobe X orphanum)* G.H.

*Gift of D. S. Brown.
1 G.H.—Garden hybrid.

114 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

P. X Actaeus (insigne X Leeanum)* G.H.

P. X Actaeus Bianca (insigne Sanderae X Leeanum Prospero)* G.H.

P. X Actaeus Bianca Sander’s var. (insigne Sanderae X Leeanum Pros-
pero)* G.H.

P. X Actaeus gigantea (insigne X Leeanum)* G.H.

P. X Actaeus langleyensis (insigne Sanderae X Leeanum)* G.H.

P. X Actaeus langleyensis var. (insigne Sanderae X Leeanum su-
perbum) * G.H.

P. x Actaeus superba (insigne X Leeanum)* G.H.

P. X Actaeus var. (insigne X Leeanum)* G.H.

P. X Actaeus var. (insigne Chantinii X Leeanum)* G.H.

P. X Actaeus var, (insigne Harefield Hall X Leeanum Clinkaberry-
anum)* G.H.

P. X Actaeus var, (insigne Sanderae X Leeanum aureum)* G.H.

P. X Actaeus var. (insigne Sanderianum X Leeanum Prospero)* G.H.

P. X Adonis (Curtisii X hirsutissimum) G.H.

P. X Alcides (imsigne X hirsutissimum) G.H.

P. X allertonense (bellatulum X villosum)* G.H.

P. xX Almum (barbatum X Lawrenceanum) G.H.

P. X amabile (Hookerae X Sementa) G.H.

P. X Amesiae (Fairieanum X tonsum Q )* G.H.

P. X Andonicus (Rothschildianum X Victoria Marie)* G.H.

P. X Antigone (Lawrenceanum X niveum)* G.H.

P. X apiculatum (barbatum X Bogallit) G.H.

P. X Arethusa (X Milo X nitens)* G.H.

P. Argus,* Philippines

P. Argus moense,* Philippines

P. xX Artemis (Dayanum X Swanianum) G.H.

P. X Arthurianum (Fairieanum X insigne)* G.H.

P. X Arthurianum pulchellum (Fairieanum X insigne Chantinii)* G.H.

P. xX Arthurianum pulchellum giganteum (Fairicanum X_ insigne
Chantinii)* G.H.

P. X Arthurianum pulchellum Harrisit (Fairieanum X insigne Chan-
tinit)* GH.

P. X Ashburtoniae (barbatum X insigne)* G.H.

P. X Ashourtoniae expansum (barbatum X insigne)* G.H.

P. X Ashburtoniae Laforcadei (barbatum X insigne Chantinii)* G.H.

P. X Astrae (philippinense < Spicerianum) G.H.

P. X Atlas (xX Ceres X insigne)* G.H.

P. X augustum (‘Lawrenceanum X superciliare)* G.H.

P. X aureum album (X nitens X Spicerianum)* G.H.

P.xX — Augusta (X nitens Sallierii Hyeanuwm X Spicerianum)*

P. X aurewm Cyrus (X nitens Sallierii Hyeanum X Spicerianum) * G.H.

P. X aureum distinct (xX nitens X Spicerianum)* G.H.

P. X aureum Hyeanum (X nitens X Spicerianum)* G.H.

P. X aurewm Hyeanum giganteum (X nitens * Spicerianum)* G.H.

P. X aureum Oedippe (X nitens Sallieriti Hyeanum X Spicerianum
magnificum)* G.H.

P. X aureum Prospero (X nitens X Spicerianum)* G.H.

P. X aureum Surprise (X nitens Sallierii Hyeanum X Spicerianum)*

P. X aureum var. (X nitens Sallierii « Spicerianum)* G.H.

P. X aureum var. (X nitens superba X Spicerianwm)* G.H.

P.X Pgs var, (X nitens superbum X Spicerianum magnificum) *

P. X aurewm Vertumnae (xX nitens Sallierii Hyeanwm X Spiceri-
anum)* G.H.

fr.
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MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 115

x Pe rb virginale (X nitens Sallieriti Hyeanum X Spicerianum)*

X aureum virginale magnificum (X nitens Sallieritti Hyeanum X
Spicerianum)* G.H.

X Bagshaweae (callosum X oenanthum g )* G.H.

X Ballantinei (Fairieanum X purpuratum)* G.H.
barbatum,* Java

barbatum Crossii, Java

barbatum Hendersoni, Java

barbatum illustre, Java

barbatum Mosaicum, Java

X Barbeyae (Lawrenceanum X tonsum) G.H.

X Beatrice (Bowalliti X Lowii)* G.H.

X Behrensianum (Bowallii X Io grande)* G.H.

Bella Sander’s var. (philippinense X vewillarium)* G.H.

Benita (aureum X Maudiae)* G.H.

bingleyense (Charlesworthii X Harrisianum)* G.H.

bingleyense splendens (Charlesworthii X Harrisianum)* G.H.

Black Watch (Curtisii Sander’s var. X W. R. Lee)* G.H.

owallti,* Moulmein

orallii aureum,* Moulmein

Brandtiae (x Io grande g X Youngianwm)* G.H.

Brandtiae Rothwell var. ('X Io grande Q X Youngianum)* G.H.

Brunhild (x Lathamianum X Victoria Marie)* G.H.

Bruno (X Leeanum X Spicerianum)* G.H.

Bruno Keeling’s var. (X Leeanum X Spicerianum)* G.H.

Buchanianum (Druryi X Spicerianum) G.H.

Buckinghami (bellatulum X enfieldense Q )* G.H.

Bulliert (tonsum X villosum)* G.H.

X Cahuzacii (pavoninum X villosum) G.H.

xX calloso-Argus (Argus X callosum) G.H. cele

X calloso-Rothschildianum (callosum X Rothschildianum)* G.H.
callosum,* Burma

callosum Browniae,* Burma

callosum giganteum,* Burma

callosum Sanderae,* Burma

callosum Sanderae Jules Hye’s var.,* Burma

calophyllum (barbatum X venustum)* G.H.

X Calypso (Bowallii X Spicerianum)* G.H.

X Calypso illustre (Bowallii X Spicerianum)* G.H. — é

X Calypso Oakwood var, (Bowallii atratum X Spicerianum)* G.H.

X Calypso var, (Bowallit X Spicerianum)* G.H. :

X Calypso var. (Bowallii grande X Spicerianum) G.H.
Canhami (superbiens 9 X villosum)* G.H. .

X Caruso (xX J. Howes X insigne Harefield Hall)* G.H.

X Ceres (hirsutissimum X Spicerianum)* GH. |

X Ceres fascinator (hirsutissimum X Spicerianum)* G.H.

X Ceres superba (hirsutissimum X Spicerianum) G.H.
Chamberlainianum,* Sumatra A 3

X Chapmaniae (X Calypso X Fairieanum) G.H.

Charlesworthti,* Burma A

X Charlesworthii Brownhurst seedling* G.H.

Charlesworthii splendens,* Burma

Charlesworthii Westfield var..* Burma —

X chloroneurum (X Harrisianum X venustum) G.H.

ciliolare,* Philippines :

ciliolare superba,* Philippines a .

X Olarkiit (x Fairieanum X Harrisianum) G.H.

X Olinkaberryanum (Curtisii X philippinense)* G.H.

116 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

P. X Clio (insigne X Lynchianum) G.H.

P. X Clio var. (insigne Chantinii < Lynchianum)* G.H.

P. X Colmanii nigrum (x Harrisianum x javanicum 9 ) G.H.

P. X Comus var, (insigne Ernesti X Swanianum)* G.H.

P. X Comus var. (insigne Sanderae X Swanianum)* G.H.

P. X concinnum (purpuratum xX Harrisianum)* G.H.

P. X concinnum superbum (purpuratum xX Harrisianum)* G.H.

P. X concinnum transparent (purpuratum X Harrisianum)* G.H.

P. concolor, Burma

P. X Connie (Fairieanum X glaucophyllum)* GH.

P. X conspicuum (X Harrisianum X villosum)* G.H.

P. X conspicuum Prewettii (< Harrisianum X villosum)* G.H.

P. X Constance (Ourtisii 9 X Stonei) G.H. :

P. Xx Constance James H. Veitch exquisetum (Curtisii < Stonei

platytaenium)* GH. :
P. X Constance James H. Veitch exquisetum var. (Curtisii xX Stonei
platytaenium)* GH.

P. X Cravenianum (x Hera Q X Spicerianum)* G.H.

P. X Creon (X Harrisianum X oenanthum)* G.H.

- X Creon var. (X Harrisianum X< oenanthum)* G.H.

- X Crossianum (insigne X venustum) G.H.

- X Crossianum Maud Adams (insigne Sanderae X venustum
Measuresianum)* GH.

- X Crossianum Tautzianum (insigne X venustum)* G.H.

- X Crossianum var. (insigne Sanderianum X venustum Measures-
tanum)* G.H. ;

- X Monsieur de Curte (Boaallii x insigne)* G.H.

. Curtisii,* Sumatra

- Curtisit exquisetum,* Sumatra ;

- X Cymatodes beechense superbum (Curtisii Q X superbiens Demi-
doff’s var.)* G.H.

- X Cyris (Argus X Bowallii)* GH.

- X Cythera (purpuratum x Spicerianum) G.H.

. X Daphne (Charlesworthii <x Earul)* GLH.

. Dayanum,* Borneo

decipiens (Charlesworthii Lawrenceanum)* G.H.

decorum (Lawrenceanum X nitens) G.H.

- X Deedmannianum (Chamberlainianum Spicerianum 9 )* G.H.

- X Dido (Sanderianum X selligerum 9?" GA.

Dimmocki (X Godseffianum xX Druryi) GH.

- X Doncasterianum (callosum x hirsutissimum) G.H.

- X Dowleri (Godefroyae X insigne)* G.H,

Dowleri Hindeanum (Godefroyae leucochilum xX insigne Hare-

field Hall)* G.H.

Nits eee oO

hy

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xX KKK KK X

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P. X Dreadnought (insigne Harefield Hall xX Troilus)* GH.
P. Druryi,* 8. India

P. X Durbar (hirsutissimum x Morganiae)* G.H.

P. X Earl (X oenanthum superbum selligerum majus)* G.H.
P. X Edwardii superbum (Fairieanum X superbiens 9 )* G.H.
P. X Eismannianum (Boxallii x Harrisianum) G.H.

P. X Elsie (Bowalliti X Charlesworthii } Gee

P. X enfieldense (Hookerae x Lawrenceanum) G.H.

P. X Euryale (Lawrenceanum X superbiens)* GH.

P. X Euryale inversum (Lawrenceanum superbiens) G.H.
P. X euryandrum (barbatum Q X Stonei)* G.H.

P. xX Evelyn (X Calypso x Leeanum)* GH.

P. Ezul,* Siam

mh
x
5
3
:
:
Fi
+O
x
y
$
*
Q
Bi

ee
es
a
F,

in Ba-oa- a -Ba- in a~ ha a ~B- a-ha ~ a-ha ~
xX Xa

.

Sy OF
mxxxXxxXxXxXxXXXXXXXXXKXKXX

.

ae ede Deedee ade ad dda te deta daa

XR XK KK BKK KKK KK KKK

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 117

Fairieanum extra,* Assam

X Felicity (callosum X tonsum)* G.H.

Xx Figaro (oenanthum X Spicerianum 9 )* G.H.

X Fitchianum (Bullenianum X venustum)* G.H.

- X Fowlerae (xX Chamberlainianum X insigne) G.H.

G. F. Moore (X Mrs. Wm. Mostyn xX nitens ) G.H.

Garfieldii (X regale X tonsum) G.H.

Gaston Bultel (Fairieanum X Mad. Coffinet)* G.H.

Gayotiae (Dayanum 9 X insigne) G.H.

Gem (insigne X marmorophyllum 9 )* G.H.

Germaine Opoia (Fairieanum X Mad. Coffinet)* G.H.
Germinyanum (hirsutissimum X villosum)* G.H.

gigas (X Harrisianum X Lawrenceanum g )* G.H..

gigas Corndean Hall (X Harrisianum xX Lawrenceanum)* G.H.
— Corndean Hall var. (xX Harrisianum xX Lawrenceanum)*

x Sap honls inane tas

gigas splendens (X Harrisianum X Lawrenceanum)* G.H.
laucophyllum,* Java

Gowerianum (Curtisti X Lawrenceanum)* G.H.
Gowerianum magnificum Schofield var. (Curtisii X Lawrence-
anum)* G.H.

Gravesii (Lawrenceanum X Marshallianum)* G.H.
Greyanum (ciliolare og X Druryi)* G.H.

Grovesianum (X Lathamianum X Leeanum)* G.H.
Hansenii (Haynaldianum X villosum)* G.H.

arrisianum (barbatum xX villosum 9 )* G.H.

arrisianum albescens (barbatum X villosum 9 )* G.H.
arrisianum extra dark var, (barbatum X villosum)* G.H.

Saas

arrisianum
arrisianum
arrisianum
arrisianum
arrisianum
arrisianum
arrisianum
arrisianum
arrisianum
arrisianum
arrisianum
arrisianum
arveyanum
aynaldianum,*

TSRESs SHES BSSSqegs

Ses

irsutissimum*

{

(< Actaeus
(X
(X

luteola (barbatum X villosum 9 )* G.H.
luteum (barbatum xX villosum) G.H.
magnificum (barbatum X villosum)* G.H.
marginale (barbatum X villosum)* G.H.
marmoratum (barbatum xX villosum)* G.H.
negro (barbatum X villosum)* G.H.

nigrum (barbatum X villosum)* G.H.
Pitcherianum (barbatum X villosum)* G.H.
splendens (barbatum X villosum)* G.H.
superbum (barbatum X villosum)* G.H.
tenue (barbatum X villosum) G.H.

var. (barbatum X villosum)* G.H.
(Leeanum xX. Stonei) G.H.

Philippines

aywoodianum (Druryi X superbiens 9 )* G.H.
era (Boxallii — Leeanum)* G.H.

era Adrastus (Bowallii * Leeanum) G.H.

era Brownii (Bowallii < Leeanum)* G.H.

era Brownii X stray seedling* G.H.

era Huryades (Bowallii X Leeanum)* G.H.
era Euryades Black Prince (Bowxallii X Leeanum)* G.H.
era Euryades splendens (Bowallii x Leeanum)* G.H.
Hera Euryades var. (Bowallii X Leeanum)* G.H.

Hera var. (Bowxallii x Leeanum Clinkaberryanum)* G.H.

Holdenii (callosum Sanderae X Maudiae)* G.H.
Hornerianum (Spicerianum X superbiens) G.H.
x Actaeus X nitens)* G.H.

x nitens Sallierii)* G.H.

aureum Hyeanum X Spicerianum)* G.H.
aureum virginale X Black Empress)* G.H. —

118 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

hy

- X (X aureum virginale X glaucophyllum)* G.H.
- X (Bowallit x 2)* GH.
- X (Bowalli X Evelyn)* G.H.
Brownhurst stray seedlings* G.H.

(X calophyllum X villosum)* G.H.
(X calophyllum X villosum aureum)* G.H.
X Calypso X Gem)* G.H.

xX Calypso X Exul)* GH.
x
x

~~

XXXKXKXKXXXKXXKXKKXK XXX

.

(

(

(X Ceres superbum X Maudiae)* G.H,

(X Charlesworthii K 1?) G.H.

(Curtisii exquisetum xX Mons de Ant)* G.H.
(X Deedmanni X Spicerianum)* G.H.
xX D. 8. Brown X callosum)* G.H.
(Fairieanum X Lityas?)* G.H.

Fairieanum X Hitchinsiae)* G.H.
(Fairieanum X Mad. Jules Hye)* G.H.
(Fairieanum X Niobe Oakwood var.)* G.H.
(Fatricaonum X Niobe Oakwood Mad. Jules Hye)* G.H.
(Fairieanum xX Princess)* G.H.

AaB aaa Ba Ba- BeBe Da

xX (
x |

A)

.
2
.

thy

- X (Pitchianum X venustum)* G.H.
-X (X gigas X villosum)* G.H.
- X (XGolden Queen x Lathamianum Eaul)* GH.
- X (Haynaldianum x nitens)* G.H.
- X (imsigne X 7)

- X (insigne Hirmanianum X nitens X Leeanum)* G.H.
- X (insigne Sanderae x Bonhoffianum)* G.H.

- X (imsigne Sanderae x Matthewsii)* G.H.

a BaBa- Baa BeBe

XXXK KKK KK KKK KKK KKKKKX

P. X (insigne Sanderae X< Sallierii Hyeanum)* G.H.

P. X (imsigne Sander’s seedling X Golden Queen)* G.H.

P.X (X Lathamianum x Golden Queen)* G.H.

P. X (X maculatum? x villosum de Paris)* G.H.

P.X (X Measuresianum x nitens)* G.H.

P. X Mad, Jules Hye (Spicerianum xX tonsum)* G.H.

P. X Ilene (glaucophyllum x insigne Sanderae)* G.H.

P. X illustre (‘x Lathamianum X nitens)* G.H.

P. X illustre var. ( Lathamianum X nitens green var.)* G.H.

mperatrie (xX Ashburtoniae x calophyllum)* G.H.
ingens (insigne Rothschildianwm)* G.H.

ingens var. (insigne Harefield Hall X Rothschildianum)* G.H.
insigne,* N. India

- insigne Admiral Togo, N. India

insigne Ashfield var., N. India

imsigne aureum giganteum,* N. India

insigne Bisepalae superbum Albertonense,* N. India
insigne Black Prince,* N. India

insigne Bonhoffianum,* N. India

insigne Brownii, N. India

insigne Brugens,* N. India

insigne Caulsonianum, N. India

insigne Chantinii, N. India
insigne Chantinii « P. insigne Harefield Hall,* N. India
insigne Chantinii Lindeni,* N. India

insigne citrinum,* N. India

insigne corrugata, N. India

. insigne Cowleyanum,* N. India

insigne Dominianum,* N. India

insigne Dorothy,* N. India

P. insigne D. 8. Brown,* N. India

P. insigne Hirmanianum,* N. India

who hy

STV

a

ee

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

insigne equator,* N. India

insigne Ernestii,* N. India

insigne F. W. Moore,* N. India

insigne G. B. Wilson,* N. India

insigne giganteum,* N. India

insigne Golden Queen,* N. India
insigne Golden var.,* N. India

insigne Harefield Hall,* N. India
insigne Heatonense,* N. India

insigne X insigne No: 500* G.H.
insigne Kathleen. Corsar,* N. India
insigne King Edward VII,* N. India
insigne Lagerae,* N. India

insigne Laura Kimball,* N. India
insigne Lindenae,* N. India

insigne Lindeni, N. India

insigne lucianum,* N. India

insigne Ludwigianum,* N. India

insigne Macfarlanae,* N. India

insigne Monarch Prewett’s var.,* N. India
insigne Monk’s Hood,* N. India |
insigne Mrs. D. 8S. Brown,* N. India
insigne Mrs. G. B. Wilson,* N. India
insigne negro,* N. India

insigne R. H. Measures,* N. India
insigne Roebelenii,* N. India

insigne Rothschildianum, N. India
insigne Sanderae,* N. India

insigne Sanderae seedling,* N. India
insigne Sanderianum,* N. India

insigne splendens,* N. India :
insigne Sylhetense giganteum,* N. India
insigne Sylhetense Monarch,” N. India
insigne tonbridgense,* N. India

insigne violaceum,* N. India

insigne Wellsiana,* N. India

. insigne var.,” N. India ‘
P. xX Io (Argus X Lawrenceanum)* G.H.
P. xX Io grande (‘Argus X Lawrenceanum)* G.H.
P. javanicum,* Java

P. javanicum green var.,* Java

P. javanicum superbum,* Java ;
P. X Johnsonianum (Lawrenceanum X nitens)* G.H.

Wyte

nea

DT

hhh

IS

we

119

P. X Johnsonianum var. (Lawrenceanum X_nitens superbum) * G.H.

P. X Josephianum (Druryi X Sementa)* G.H.
P. X Kenneth (X Calypso X hirsutissimum)* G.H.
P.X Kerchoveanum (barbatum X Curtisii)* G.H.

P. X Kerchoveanum var. (barbatum nigrum X Curtisii)* G.H.

P. X Lairessei (Curtisii X Rothschildianum)* G.H.

P. X Lamonteanum (X Calypso X Rothschildianum)* G.H.

P. X Lathamianum (Spicerianum X villosum)* G.H.

P. X Lathamianum Hillii (Spicerianum X villosum)* G.H.
P. X Lathamianum inversum (Spicerianum X villosum) G.H.

P. Lawrenceanum Veitchii,* Borneo :
P. X Leander (X Leeanum X villosum)* G.H.

120 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

P. X Leander var. (X Leeanum aureum X villosum)* G.H.

P. X Ledouwiae (callosum X Harrisianum) G.H.

P. X W. R. Lee var, Lord Derby (Rothschildianum xX superbiens)* G.H.
P. X Leeanum (insigne X Spicerianum)* G.H.

P. X Leeanum Albert Hye (insigne xX Spicerianum)* G.H.

P. X Leeanum Albertianum (insigne Wallacei x Spicerianum) G.H.
P. X Leeanum aureum (insigne X Spicerianum) G.H.
P.X

.

Leeanum Burford Lodge (insigne X Spicerianum) G.H. i
x Leeanum Clinkaberryanum (insigne Harefield Hall x Spiceri-
anum)* G.H.

Fo

P

P. X Leeanum Engelhardtiae ( insigne X Spicerianum) G.H.
P. X Leeanum erectum (insigne x. Spicerianum)* G.H.

P. X Leeanum giganteum ( insigne X Spicerianum) G.H.

FP green var. (insigne X Spicerianum)* G.H.

P. G. 8S. Bail’s var. (insigne xX Spicerianum)* G.H.

3
§§
=
33

P. X Leeanum Keeling’s var. (insigne X Spicerianum)* G.H.
P. X Leeanum lutescens (insigne X Spicerianum) G.H.

P. X Leeanum magnificum (insigne X Spicerianum)* G.H.

P. X Leeanum Mary Clinkaberry (insigne X Spicerianum)* G.H.
P. X Leeamum Masreellianum (insigne X Spicerianum)* G.H.

P. X Leeanum Measuresianum (insigne X Spicerianum)* G.H.

P. X Leeanum Prospero (insigne Sanderae X Spicerianum)* G.H.
Leeanum Prospero var. (insigne Sanderae X Spicerianum)* G.H.

P. X Leeanum pulchellum (insigne X Spicerianum) G.H.

P. X Leeanum rubrum (insigne X Spicerianum)* G.H.

P. X Leeanwm South Orange var. (imsigne X Spicerianum)* G.H.

P. X Leeanum superbum (insigne X Spicerianum)* G.H.

P. X Leeanum var. (insigne Xx Spicerianum)* G.H.

P. X Leeanum var. Brownhurst seedling (insigne < Spicerianum)* G.H.

P. X Leoniae (callosum x insigne)* G.H.

4. ~
XXX KKK KK KKK KX KKK KKK X

>

oniae var. (callosum « insigne Sanderae)* G.H.

P. X Leoniae var, (callosum X insigne yellow)* G.H.
P. X loochristiense (x Harrisianum xX Hookerae)* G.H.
P. Lowii, Borneo

x Lumsdenii (barbatum x Charlesworthii)* GH.
X luridum (Lawrenceanum x villosum)* G.H.
P. X Mabeliae (Rothschildianum x superbiens) G.H.
P. X Macfarlanianum (Lawrenceanum xX Lowii) G.H.
x macropterum (Lowii Xx superbiens) G.H.
. X Madeline (Argus X bellatulum)* G.H.
P. X Madiotianum (Chamberlainianum « villosum)* GH.
x
x
x
x
M
M

P.
Se

Sag
S

P. X Mahlerae (Lawrenceanum x Rothschildianum) G.H.
P. X Mapleae (‘X Gowerianum x Youngianum 9 )* G.H.
P. X Mary Beatrice (bellatulum x Gowerianum 9 )* G.H.
_P. X Massaianum (Rothschildianum xX superciliare)* G.H.
P. Mastersianum,* Java

FP

FP.

P. X Matthewsii (Lawrenceanum x Mastersianum)* G.H.

P. X Maudiae Dell var. (callosum Sanderae X Lawrenceanum Hye-
anum)* GLH.

P. X Maudiae magnificum (callosum Sanderae < Lawrenceanum Hye-
anum)* GH.

P. X Maudiae var. (callosum x Lawrenceanum)* GH.

P. X Measuresianum (venustum X villosum)* GLH.

P. X Measuresianum atratum (venustum X villosum)* G.H.

P. X Medeia superbum (hirsutissimum xX Spicerianum) G.H.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 121

- X Menelik (Boxallii K Calypso)* G.H.
- X Menelik var. (Bowallii X Calypso illustris 9 )* G.H.
- X microchilum (Druryi X niveum)* G.H.
. X Milo Westonbert var. (insigne X oenanthum)* G.H.
‘a> 4

x

aaa)

Mwuos Lowii (X Arthurianum X Spicerianum)* G.H.
Minos Veitchit (X Arthurianum X Spicerianum) G.H.

X Minos Youngianum giganteum (xX Arthurianum X Spicerianum)*
G.H

.

~hsy

xX Minos Youngii (X Arthurianum X Spicerianum)* G.H.

X Morganiae (Stonei X superbiens)* G.H.

X Morganiae burfordiense (Stonet X superbiens)* G.H.

x Morganiae gloriosa (Stonei X superbiens)* G.H.

x Morganiae langleyense (Stonei X superbiens)* G.H.

X Myra (Chamberlainianum X Haynaldianum)* G.H.

xX Nandii (callosum X Tautzianum)* G.H.

X Nellie (Charlesworthii x tonsum) G.H.

X< Niobe (Fairieanum X Spicerianum)* G.H.

xX Niobe Brownhurst seedling (Fairieanum X Spicerianum)* G.H. ?

< Niobe dark var. Brownhurst seedling (Fairieanum X. Spiceri-
anum)* G.H. ;

X Niobe Brownhurst var. (Fairieanum X Spicerianum)* G.H.

x Niobe stray seedling* G.H.

X Niobe giganteum (Fairieanum X Spicerianum)* G.H.

x Niobe-Leeanum ('X Leeanum X Niobe)* G.H.

X Niobe nigrum (Fairieanum X Spicerianum)* G.H.

X Niobe Westonbert var. (Fairicanum X Spicerianum)* G.H.

X nitens (insigne X villosum)* G.H.

xX nitens Almos (insigne X villosum aureum Q )* G.H.

X nitens Arlecourt var. (insigne X villosum)* G.H.

x nitens Great Rea (insigne Sanderae X villosum)* G.H.

xX nitens Great Rex var. (insigne yellow X villosum)* G.H.

X nitens Leeanum (X Leeanum X nitens)* GH.

X nitens Leeanum var. (X Leeanum giganteum X nitens)* G.H.

P. X nitens Leeanum var. (nitens superbum X Leeanum)* G.H.

P. X nitens magnificum (insigne X villosum)* G.H.

P. X nitens Olympia (insigne X villosum Q )* G.H.

P. X nitens Prince Olaf (insigne X villosum)* G.H.

P. X nitens Sallierii (insigne X_ villosum Q )* G.H.

P. X nitens Sallierii Hyeanum (insigne X villosum)* G.H.

P. X nitens Sallierii pictum (insigne X villosum)* G.H.

P. X nitens Sallierii platypetalum (insigne X villosum 9 )* G.H.

P. X nitens Sander’s var. (insigne X villosum)* G.H.

P. X nitens var. (insigne X villosum)* G.H.

P. X nitens var. (insigne Sanderae X villoswm aureum)* G.H.

P. niveum,* Tambelan Islands

P. X oenanthum (Harrisianum X insigne)* G.H. fie i

P. X oenanthum De Wittsmith var. (X Harrisianum X insigne) GH.

P. X oenanthum porphyreum (xX Harrisianum X insigne) G.H.

P. X oenanthum superbum (xX Harrisianum X insigne) G.H.

P. X Olivia (niveum X tonsum Q )* G.H.

P. X Orion (concolor X insigne)* G.H. :

P. X orphanum superbum (barbatum X Druryi)* G.H.

P. X Orpheus (callosum X venustum) G.H.

P. X Our King (xX Leeanum X Stevensii)* G.H.

P. Parishii,* Burma

P. X pavoninum (Bowallii X venustum)* G.H.

Ff

Ps

Sete ty

WR PVP VDT BBD

. X Phoebe (bellatulum X philippinense)* G.H.
X Pitcheri (barbatum X purpuratum) G.H.
P. X Pitcherianum (X Harrisianum X Spicerianum) G.H.

122 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

P. X Pluto (Bowallit x calophyllum)* G.H.

P. X Polkii (Chamberlainianum X nitens)* G.H.

P. X Pollettianum (X calophyllum X oenanthum) G.H.

P. X polystigmaticum (Spicerianwm X venustum) G.H.

P. xX Priam (insigne X Niobe)* G.H.

P. X Princess (Coffinetii < Fairieanum)* G.H.

P. X Queen Mary (X Aeson X insigne Harefield Hall)* G.H.

‘ P. X radiosum shorthilliense (Lawrenceanum X Spicerianum)* G.H.
P. X regale (insigne X purpuratum)* G.H.

P. X regale superbum (insigne X purpuratum)* G.H.

. X Regina var. (Fairieanum X Leeanum Albertianum 9 )* G.H.
. X Regina extra (Fairieanum X Leeanum Albertianum)* G.H.
. X Reynaldi (Bowalliti XK villosumg) G.H.

. X Richmanii (barbatum X bellatulum)* G.H.

. X Rolfet (bellatulum X Rothschildianum)* G.H.

. X Rosita (callosum X Charlesworthii)* G.H.

. X Rosita Stanley Rogerson (callosum X Charlesworthit)* G.H.

yyy ts

wy

P. X Rossetti (insigne Sanderianum X Maudiae)* G.H.

P. Rothschildianum,* Borneo

P. X Rufus (insigne Macnabianum X Milo)* G.H.

P. X St. Albans (X Aphrodite X Harrisianum)* G.H.

P. X Salomonae {xX Lathamianum X Spicerianum)* G.H.

P. X Sanarthur var. (x Arthurianum X insigne Sanderae)* G.H.
P. X Sanderiano-Curtisti (Curtisii xX Sanderianum)* G.H.

P. X Sanderiano-superbiens (Sanderianum X superbiens)* G.H.
P. X Schlesingeri (Bogallit X insigne) G.H.

P. X Schroederi (Fairieanum X oenanthum) G.H.

P. X Schroederi Sander’s var. (Fairieanum X oenanthum)* G.H.
P. X selligerum (barbatum X philippinense)* G.H.

P. X selligerum majus (barbatum xX philippinense)* G.H.

P. X selligerum porphyreum (barbatum X philippinense)* G.H.

~

X selligerum rubrum (barbatum xX philippinense) G.H.
P. X Seymouri (callosum * gigas?)* G.H.

P. X Simonii (insigne X Leeanum)* G.H.

P. X Simonii inversum (insigne X Leeanum)* G.H.

P. Xx Smithianum (callosum X Druryi) G.H.

P. Spicerianum var., Assam

P. X Spicero-niveum (nweum X Spicerianum) G.H.
P. Stonei,* Borneo

P. Stonei superbum,* Borneo

P. X superciliare (barbatum X superbiens)* G.H.
P. X Sutherlandiae (Rothschildianum < Youngianum) G.H.

hy

. X Tankervillei (Eaul X nitens Sander’s var.)*

. X Thalia Mrs. Francis Wellesley (‘Baron Schroeder X insigne)* G.H.
. X Thayerianum (Bowalliti * Lawrenceanum)* G.H.

. X Thompsonii (X Calypso X villosum)* G.H.

tonsum,* Sumatra

Transvaal (Chamberlainianum xX Rothschildianum)* G.H.
tringiense (barbatum X Rothschildianum)* G.H.

triumphans (X nitens Sallierii X oenanthum superbum)* G.H.
Troilus (insigne X nitens)* G.H.
Trotlus Oakden var. (insigne X nitens)* G.H.

hs yt

.

shy hy

4) .
xXXXX

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 123

P. X Troilus Oakwoodense var. (insigne X nitens)* G.H.

P. X Ultor (Lawrenceanum X Sanderianum)* G.H.

P. X Umlauftianum (insigne X Lawrenceanum) G.H.

P. X Vacuna (Rothschildianum X wvillosum)* G.H.

P. X venubel (bellatulum X venustum)* G.H.

P. X Venus Boltoni (insigne Sanderae X nivewm)* G.H.

P. X Venus Ram Lee var. (insigne Sanderae X niveum)* G.H.
P. venustum Measuresianum,* Himalaya

P. venustum spectabile, N. India

x vernivium (Argus X villosum)* G.H.

X Veronica (Fairieanum X Mad. Octave Opoia)* G.H.

X vemillarium (barbatum X Fairieanum)* G.H.

X vexillarium superbum (barbatum X Fairieanum)* G.H.

. Victoria Marie, Sumatra

villosum,* Burma

villosum Bonhoffianum,* Burma

villosum giganteum,* Burma

villosum Grand Monarch,* Burma

villosum nigrum,* Burma

villosum Norman var.,* Burma

villosum platypetalum,* Burma

x Vipanii (niveum X philippinense)* G.H.

volontianum Rothschildianum,* Borneo

X Wendigo (callosum X nitens) G.H.

P. X Wiertzianum (Lawrenceanum X Rothschildianum)* G.H.
P. X Winnianum (Druryi X villosum)* G.H.

P. X Youngianum (philippimense X superbiens)* G.H.

P. X Zampa (hirsutissimum X Leeanum 9 )* G.H.

P. X Zampa var. (hirsutissimum var. X Leeanwm superbum 9 )* G.H.

° .

DTT WWE YS

aa

P. X conchiferum (caricinum X longifolium ) G.H.

P. X giganteum Gottianum (caudatum X grande macrochilum)* G.H.

P. X grande (caudatum X longifolium 9 )* G.H. e

P. X grande atratum (caudatum X longifolium H artwegit)* G.H.

P. X grande macrochilum (caudatum Lindeni X longifolium)* G.H.

P. xX Hardyanum (calurum X caudatum) G.H.

P. Lindleyanum,* British Guiana

P. longifolium, Central America :

P. longifolium Hartwegii, Central America

P. X L’Unique (Lindleyanum X Schlimii albiflorum)* G.H.

P. X nitidissimum (caudatum X conchiferum) G.H.

P. X Perseus (Lindleyanum X Sedenii 9 )* G.H.

Soy nee coma OO Sedenii)* G.H.

. X Seo (ca tum X Ne 1 ‘:

P. X Schroederae splendens (caudatum rosewm X Sedenii)* G.H.

P. X Sedenii (longifolium X Schlimit) GH.

P. X Sedenii candidulum (longifolium X Schlimii) GH. gee :

P. X Sedenii teucorrhodum (longifolium Hartwegit X Schlimit albi-
florum) G.H. ae e ae

P. X Sedenii porphyreum (longifolium Hartwegn x Schlimii albi-
florum) G.H.

) aes. ae
P. X Sedenii superbum (longifolium X Schlimii) G.H.
P. X Umbriel (grande X Sargentianum) G.H.

124 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

NOTES

The St. Louis Florists’ Club held a meeting at the Garden,
November 21.

Sergeant A. B. McIntyre, of the Aviation Corps, formerly
outside foreman at the Garden, visited the Garden recently.

Dr. W. W. Bonns, formerly Rufus J. Lackland Fellow,
has accepted a position as director of the botanical research
department of Eli Lilly Co., pharmaceutical chemists,
Indianapolis.

Mr. Alexander Lurie, Horticulturist to the Garden, has
been appointed Assistant to the Director of the Production
Division of the Federal Food Administration of St. Louis.

Dr. B. M. Duggar, Physiologist to the Garden, has been
appointed a member of a Committee on Standardization of
Terminology and Methods in Phytopathology, which will
hold its first session in Baltimore, December 27.

On the afternoon of November 20, the British Educational
Commission to the United States visited the Garden. Mem-
bers of the party were: Dr. A. E. Shipley, University of
Cambridge ; Sir Henry Miers, University of Manchester; Rev.
KE. M. Walker, Oxfor University ; Sir Henry Jones, Univer-
sity of Glasgow; and Dr. John Joly, Trinity College, Dub-
lin. Much interest was manifested in the library, her-
barium, and laboratory equipment for graduate work in
botany, as well as in the various collections of plants in the
greenhouses.

In exchange for a duplicate collection of vandas and
nepenthes, Mr. Joseph Manda, of West Orange, New Jersey,
orchid expert of the eastern states, has contributed to the
Garden a valuable collection of brassocattleyas, cattleyas, and
laeliocattleyas. These plants are recent hybrids from rare
types which will add greatly to the orchid displays. Among
them the albino variety of Laeliocattleya Canhamiana and
the brassocattleyas, noteworthy for their extremely large,
fringed lips, stand out most prominently. The entire col-
lection includes the following:
Brassocattleya * Ilene (B. O. X Maronae 9 X OC. Dowiana)
Brassocattleya X Leemanniae (B. Digbyana 9 X OC. Dowiana)
Brassocattleya < Mariae (B. Digbyana 9 X O. Warneri)
Brassocattleya x Maroni (B. Digbyana K OC. Mendelii 9 )
Brassocattleya * Thorntonii (B. Digbyana x C. Gaskelliana 9)
Brassocattleya X Wellesleyae (B. Digbyana 9 X OC. Lueddemannia
Cattleya X Adula (bicolor x Hardyana)

Cattleya X amabilis (labiata 9 X Warscewiczii)
Cattleya < Beatrice (Dowiana 9 X Minucia)
Cattleya X Brenda (x Dusseldorffei Undine © X Gaskelliana alba)

)

Cattleya
Cattleya
Cattleya
Cattleya
Cattleya
Cattleya
Cattleya
Cattleya

x
x
x
x
x
x
x

x

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 125

Dusseldorffei (intermedia 9 X Mossiae)
Fabiata (‘X Fabia X Portia)

Harold (Gaskelliana 9 X Warscewiczii)
Kienastiana (Dowiana 9 X Lueddemanniana)
Minucia (Loddigesii 9 X Warscewiczit)
Naidia? :

Prince John (Dowiana rosita 9 X Hardyana)
Thurgoodiana (Hardyana 9 X Lueddemanniana)

Laeliocattleya X Alphand (0. X Fabia g X L. C. X callistoglossa)
Laeliocattleya < Artoturus?

Laeliocattleya X autodoin (C. X Doiniig X L. autumnalis)
Laeliocattleya X Ballii (C. Schroederae X L. cinnabarina Q )
Laeliocattleya < Canhamiana alba (C. Mossiae X L. purpurata Q )
Laeliocattleya < Carmencita (C. Dowiana g X L. C. X luminosa)
Laeliocattleya X Colemaniana (C. Dowiana 9 X L. C. X callistoglossa)
Laeliocattleya < Cooksonae (C. labiata g X L. CO. X Olive)
Laeliocattleya X Domos (C. Mossiae g X L. C. X Dominiana)
Laeliocattleya Xx Golden Oriole (C. Dowiana X L. C. X Charles-

worthit)

Laeliocattleya < Linda?
Laeliocattleya <x Mita?
Laeliocattleya < Olivia (C. Schroederae X_L. Jongheana)
Laeliocattleya X Rhenus (C. Dowiana X L. C. X Woodhamii)

126 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR OCTOBER, 1918

GARDEN ATTENDANCE:

Lotal mutaber of visitors...) 5.6.4 2355.05 es. Serieeees 27,308
PLANT ACCESSIONS:
Total number of plants and seeds received as gifts........ 21
PLANT DISTRIBUTION:
Total number of plants distributed in exchange........... 59
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS:
Total number of books and pamphlets bought............ 23
Total number of books and pamphlets donated........... 33
HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS:
By Gift—
B. F. Bush—Polyporus sulphureus from Missouri........ 1
J. A. Drushel—Plants of central United States.......... 17
Prof. J. H. Faull—Stereum versiforme B. & C............. I
H. C. Irish—Anthurus borealis Burt from Junior High
Renee! garden 05s hess atte eee ee VE 1
Kew Herbarium, by Sir David Prain—Portions of type
specimens of Hymenochaete Cacao and H. tenuissima. . 2
G. H. Pring—Orchids, pitcher plants, and specimens of
WOW: DSGTIG: WAtEE Ti eae oe as Se ee 6
Dr. F. L. Stevens—Fungi of Porto Rico, including several
WF DOE: ae Paes Peds ew Tae Seema Ae NT Sy eles 77
J. A. Stevenson—Fungi of Porto Rico and Santo Domingo 8
Dr. S. M. Zeller—Fungi of Michigan and Missouri........ 8
By Exchange—
Botanic Gardens, Sydney, by J. H. Maiden—Plants of
olnasninbers: MEET ek ee Ph er La > eee ee 150
Bureau of Science, Manila, by E. D. Merrill—Plants of
Che PU ppine Tees os es i as 615

Ralph Hoffmann—Senecio pauperculus Michx. from Michigan 1

Dr. Earl E. Sherff—Photographs of type specimens,
chiefly of Bidens and Xanthium.............. a2 aS 36

The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New
Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas— week days from 8:00
A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from December to April,
1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to December, 2:00 P. M. until sunset.

The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue
and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer
south from all intersecting lines.

STAFF — |
OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN

;

Director,

: GEORGE T. MOORE.

BENJAMIN MINGE DucGar, © Epwarp A. Burt,
Physiologist in charge of Graduate Laboratory. Mycologist and Librarian.
HERMANN VON SCHRENK, Jesse M. GREENMAN,

Curator of the Herbarium.

Pathologist.

4

KATHERINE H. Leieu,
Secretary to the Director!

JAMES GURNEY,
Head Gardener,’ Emeritus.

ALEXANDER LURIE,

Horticulturist.
G. H. PRING,
Floriculturist.
«a SJ. J. Coucnim,:; « W. F. LANGAN,
~ Construction. © ¥ Engineer.
P.. Foerster, oe H. VALLENTINE,

Farni and Stables. Carpenter.

‘Missouri BoTaNIcaL
GARDEN BULLETIN

Vol. VI . - DECEMBER, 1918 No, 10

CONTENTS

eon Page

Some Early History of the Gatdes sap as BT

: Additional Information Relative to the Works of Art 5
Contributed by Henry Shaw - - - eS <5

Savory Herbs: <-. .- tate eae ek UE 1)

bee Statistical Information for Woveusber: 1918. - -. 141
Index to Illustrations of Volume VI - . ees ce Stee

General Index to Volume VI«- 0 - = AS

‘ST, LOUIS, MO.
1918 :
Published Monthly Scent July and August by the Board of ‘Traiides .

.

ro

ee SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: 2
; ‘ONE Dotan PER YEAR 2 SINGLE COPIES TEN CENTS a

THE ORIGINAL MEMBERS WERE DESIGNATED IN MR. SHAW’S WILL,

Missouri Botanical
Garden Bulletin

Vol. VI St. Louis, Mo., December, 1918 No. 10

SOME EARLY HISTORY OF THE GARDEN

In looking up data regarding some of the collections in
the herbarium, some interesting facts concerning the early
history of the Garden were discovered, of which it seems
worth while making a permanent record.

Mr. Shaw was an omnivorous reader and spent a great
deal of time hunting for information about the plants grow-
ing in the Garden. Much of this is in siatiared notes, and
these notes were later gathered together in two manuscripts,
one called ‘Guide to the Missouri Botanical Gardens” and
the other ‘“‘A guide to the trees and shrubs in the arboretum
of the Missouri Botanical Gardens.” The latter paper was
unfinished. In it a short description of the land now oc-
cupied by the Garden is given as follows:

“When the writer first visited these grounds in 1820, they were
called ‘La Prairie de la Barriére & Denoyer’ from Louis Denoyer
who formerly lived at, and kept, the gate of the fence (barriére),

_ by which the commons of the old village of St. Louis were sur-
rounded. For a distance of nearly two miles from where Tower
Grove Park is now laid out to Taylorwich Station, or rather the
pond still existing there [1875], no trees were growing except two
or three venerable cottonwoods (Populus canadensis) in the low
ground, on the watercourse running to Rock Spring and thence
to Chouteau’s Millpond; on this small watercourse were a few
plants of the Nymphea odorata Ait., sweet-scented water lily, and
a clump of hazel bushes on the rising ground, where the grove at
the Garden now exists, The prairie was grown over with a tall
natural grass, Andropogon, prairie grass, with an occasional patch
of the wild strawberry (Fragaria Virginiana), of which neither
a tuft of the grass nor a plant of the strawberry can now be found.
There were no residences in sight nor any to be seen on the narrow
road passing Rock Spring to St. Louis till coming to the stone
dwelling of Mr. John B. C. Lucas, on the street now called 7th
Street, and the house and garden of Mr. Joseph Charles Sen, now
5th and Market Streets, where he was the first to cultivate the
grape vine (Isabella) at St. Louis, and a zealous planter and pro-
tector of shade trees.”

In the “Guide to the Missouri Botanical Gardens” a fuller
history of this land is given. Mr. Shaw acquired the prop-
(127)

128 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

erty by purchase from Thomas Jefferson Payne, in 1840.
Payne had laid out a race track, the center of which was
in a grove of trees. Near the grove Mr. Shaw built his
house with a tower and called it Tower Grove. This was
his country home and became his favorite spot. Like all
Englishmen of wealth, he believed in having a town. house
as well as a country house, so the town house was built on
Seventh and Locust Streets, in 1851, two years after the
completion of Tower Grove.

Shortly after purchasing this property, Mr. Shaw went
to Europe, and most of his time during the next ten years
was spent in visiting different places of interest on the
Continent, Constantinople and Egypt. The idea of estab-
lishing a garden came to him during this time. Among
interesting papers left by him is a sheet entitled “List of
places worthy of notice,” in which is given a list of thirteen
places, with addresses and directions as to how to reach them,
in Mr. Shaw’s own handwriting. The thirteen places are
all gardens or nurseries. Mr. Thomas Dimmock, in a
Le ale Sami: sketch of Mr. Shaw,1 says that Mr. Shaw told
him that “it was while walking through the grounds at
Chatsworth—the most magnificent private residence in
Europe—that the fruitful idea first dawned upon him. He
said to himself: ‘Why may I not have a garden, too? I
have enough land and money for something of the same
sort in a smaller way.’” In the “Guide to the Missouri
Botanical Gardens” Mr. Shaw says that the idea of start-
ing the Garden came “during his travels in Europe from
1840 to 1850.” Observing the great attention paid to pub-
lic parks and gardens in England, France, and Germany
and the high esteem in which these institutions were held
by the people of those countries, he conceived the idea of
founding a Missouri Botanical Garden, for which the
grounds, ample in extent and in close vicinity to the future
Sreat city of the west, were so appropriate. The plan of
the Garden was determined on, drains constructed, and the
wall surrounding the same commenced in 1855.

Dr. George Engelmann, one of the foremost botanists in
America, resided in St.. Louis, and Mr. Shaw went to him
with his hopes and his plans. Dr. Engelmann was study-
ing cacti and various other groups of plants and had started
a small garden near his home. He encouraged Mr. Shaw
im every way possible, selected botanical books for him to
study and gave him his first introduction to scientific botany.
When Dr. Engelmann went to Europe in 1856 he was com-
missioned by Mr. Shaw to buy books and other things

*Mo. Bot. Gard, Rept., vol. 1, p. 12, 1890.

| Mo, Bor, Garp, Burt., Vor. 6, 1918.

PLAN OF GARDEN PREPARED BY MR. SHAW, IN 1858.

Mo. Bor. Garp. Butt.., Vor. Re 3 PLATE 24.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN pe

needed for the Garden. In a letter! dated October 18, 1856
he wrote to Dr. Engelmann, then at Kew, saying, “Get all
the plans and catalogues you conveniently can. My mind
is intent on the undertaking which I am anxious to com-
mence, and by dint of reading and observations am endeavor-
ing to gather up some crumbs of botanical science.” Ap-
parently his first idea had been to get only such as he
needed himself, for in this same letter he states, “Hope you
will not give yourself much trouble in the seeking of these
works, as He might probably find some others equally or
more suitable to my sbisduthat is, to acquire a knowledge
of botany and horticulture myself and diffuse a taste for
the same among others. In the purchase of books, you
can go to the amount of one hundred dollars.”

Dr. Engelmann was then at the Kew Gardens and he
interested Sir William J. Hooker, the Director, in Mr.
Shaw’s Garden. On August 10, 1857, Sir William Hooker
wrote to Mr. Shaw? that “very few appendages to a garden
of this kind are of more importance for instruction than
a library and an economic museum, and these gradually in-
crease like a rolling snow-ball.”’ This letter and Dr. Engel-
mann’s influence seem to have decided Mr. Shaw to start
a botanical library and museum. In a letter to Dr. Engel-
mann,! dated September 15, 1857, he says, “As to the
botanical library, if you will have the goodness to send me
a list of such works as you consider the most essential, I
will select from them what may appear to me most useful
for the present. As to the herbarium you mention of Prof.
Bernhardi, if it is in good order you can purchase the same
at the price you mention ($600).”

The Bernhardi herbarium was bought three months later
and at a lesser figure, as is shown by the following receipt:

“Leipzig, Saxony, Dec. 18, 1857.

“Mr. Henry Shaw at St. Louis

“to Theodor Bernhardi agent.
“to the Herbarium or collection of Plants of the late Prof. Joh.

Jae. Bernhardi of Erfurt, consisting of 374 packages (said to con-
tain about 40,000 species) of dried plants.
“Prix dollars 400.
“Reed. Pay’t. by Dr. George Engelmann.
“Theodor Bernhardi.”’

‘The letter from Dr. Engelmann to Mr. Shaw telling
about the herbarium cannot be found, but apparently the
collection was not fully labeled, as he writes,! on January

1 Engelmann letters, vol. 8, in Mo. Bot. Gard.
2 Mo, Bot. Gard. Rept., vol. 1, p. 13. 1890.

130 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

13, 1858, “if possible, my dear Sir, by all means get the
deficient labels to them; perhaps the cost would be consider-
able, but then what an advantage to have them complete. I
should not regret the expense—it could not be done prob-
ably in St. Louis except by yourself and then you will be
otherwise occupied. The list of books has my best atten-
tion. . . . I have all Loudon’s works except his Gardeners’
Magazines 1st and 2nd series which I should very much like
to have. They contain valuable information to persons like
myself devoted to horticulture and planting.”’

The next letter,1 dated Ma 18, 1858, refers again to the
Bernhardi herbarium: “TI enbiutk with due deference to the
A Pa of yourself and learned friends as to labeling the
Plants of the Bernhardi herbarium... . Am now vigorously
at work on the building of the Hort. Bot. Missouriensis.”

The details of the Garden, planting, ete., occupied most
of Mr. Shaw’s time. In the letter quoted from previously,
September 15, 1857, he speaks of the early wore done in
the Garden:

Plant houses, so that you see I am by no means idle. If I attempt
too much at once, I should make a fatigue of a pleasure. The
lant houses—say in

1859. I intend to have everything substantial and elegant but on
-@ small scale. I shall commence the ornamental planting next
spring, the botanical arrangements afterwards. All this I am do-
ing according to my own ideas gathered from horticultural works
of Loudon, McIntosh, ete—no one here can give me the least in-
formation. How can I obtain dried specimens of seeds, fruits

things we could have. ...I take a great and increasing pleasure
in my undertaking and am devoting myself almost entirely to it

of my Tower Grove estate and send a copy to Sir Wm. Hooker for
his inspection and advice,”

In the letter of January 13, 1858, also previously quoted
from, he writes more of the work done in the Garden:
“T am employed every day in my great undertaking—I may
say every hour in the day. Good and substantial stone and brick
drains are made in every part of the ground. The stone wall on

* Engelmann letters, vol. S, in Mo. Bot. Gard.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 131

the west side and the brick wall coped with stone on the north
sides are finished at a cost of 8,000 dollars. I am now proceed-
ing with the entrance gate and lodge on the eastern front, which
with the stone walls and iron railing I estimate to cost not much
short of $10,000—all substantial and elegant. At the same time
I shall commence the plant houses (150 feet) against the north
wall (one of the compartments I intend for cacti and succulent
plants), also the rosarium or sunk parterre, which together with
the plant houses will cost about $5,000. These buildings with
some planting of trees and shrubs and fencing Tower Grove and
Shaw Avenues and building two brick cottages will be my work
for the present year, 1858. I enclose you a plan of the garden
and the lands intended to endow the same, in amount more than
600 acres. ...I1 feel quite competent to the building of plant
houses suited to this climate, as regards construction, heating and
ventilation, theoretically from books and six years’ experience in
my private garden. . . . I have sent plans to Prof. Gray and Sir
W. Hooker, and with many thanks for your pains and exertions.”

Dr. Engelmann returned to St. Louis in 1858 and took
an active interest in the Garden until his death. He like-
wise interested Dr. Asa Gray in the project, and in 1859
Dr. Gray wrote,! saying, “Shaw has just written and I have
replied expressing a lively interest in his projected estab-
lishment and offering my best services if he requires them
in the way of advice or suggestion.”

The gateway was erected in 1858 from a design of George
I. Barnett.2. The museum and library building was finished
in 1860, and the Bernhardi herbarium, the library, and
many things collected by Dr. Engelmann® in Europe were
put in place. The Bernhardi collection consisted of approx-
imately 70,000 specimens. At Dr. Gray’s and Dr. Engel-
mann’s suggestion, August Fendler was employed as a sort
of curator in the Garden and museum.* e began work
for Mr. Shaw on October 12, 1860, at $1.00 per day, and
worked for him about a year and a half, according to Mr.
Shaw’s private cash book. His chief work seems to have
been the arrangement of the Bernhardi, Riehl, and other
collections in the museum.

According to the plans adopted in 1858, the Garden was
divided into three large divisions, containing about 60 acres
altogether :? ;

“1st, The Garden proper, containing the plant houses for tropical
and other plants requiring protection, the herbaceous ground with
plants scientifically arranged and named, and the cacti in the

north end of the Garden next the wall.
“2nd, The Fruticetum for shrubbery and experimental fruit

gardens.

1 Engelmann letters, vol. G, in Mo. Bot. Gard.

¥ . Guide to Missouri Botanical Gardens, by Henry Shaw.
® Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, vol. 1, p. 316. 1857.

‘Letters from Dr. Engelmann to Dr. Parry, Jan. 24, 1861.

132 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

“3rd, The Arboretum, containing a collection of trees, compris-
ing all that will grow in the open air in this climate and local-
ity; a Pinetum for the Pine Family, a Quercetum for oaks and
a Salicetum for willows.”

The arboretum was started in 1860, and this part of the
Garden received much personal attention from Mr. Shaw.
The trees were mostly planted in rows, and many of them
were measured each year to get the rate of wth. Un-

fortunately, many of them were blown down y a tornado
in 1896.

Dr. Engelmann went to Europe again in 1868, and
Mr. Shaw writes to him eagerly asking for more plants, seeds
and specimens for the museum. In fact, Dr. Engelmann
did more for the Garden and museum than anyone else,
except Mr. Shaw himself. In 1868, the plants having out-
grown the original plant houses, Mr. Shaw writes! that a
palm house with additional wings for “moist store and
temperate house” was built near the center of the Garden.

Another letter, written January 24, 1869, tells of more
changes:

“Since I addressed you last, I have brought the plant houses
to a finish, removing those that stood against the wall and put-
ting them in range with the Palm House. The heating apparatus
answers beyond my expectations... . The learned Agassiz was
here last October and was much pleased with our garden. He
promised some leaves and fruits of Amazonian palms for our
Museum. The garden was visited by increased numbers the past
Summer. I think not less than 40 to 50 thousand. I do wish we

had something more interesting and instructive for the inspection
of such multitudes,”

Orchids now began to demand attention and the Gar-
den collection was started by a gift from Mrs. Henry T.

Blow of the orchids collected by her in Brazil. From that
time on, orchids have been one of the favorite display plants
in the Garden. ;

In 1882, the plants having again outgrown their quar-
ters, a larger house was built and “dedicated to Linnaeus by
placing his bust over the entrance.’”2 This is the Linnean
House and the only one of the plant houses built by Mr.
Shaw that still remains.

The Garden has always been open to visitors and for
many years registers were kept, most of which are still in

the possession of the Garden. The first one says on the
title page:

“Visitors to Tower Grove and the Botanical Garden are respect-
fully requested to write their names.
“Henry Shaw.”
* Engelmann letters, vol. S, in Mo. Bot. Gard.
* MSS. Guide to Missouri Botanical Gardens, by Henry Shaw.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 133

The first page bears the inscription “Commencing June,
1859,” also in Mr. Shaw’s handwriting. Several hundred
visitors to the Garden registered that year and many more
the following year. In 1880, Mr. Shaw wrote:

“The Gardens have been visited by eminent men of science,
among whom Sir Joseph Hooker, Director of Kew Gardens, Prof.
Asa Gray, the late Prof. Agassiz, and the celebrated plant collector
Roesl, now in South America, and others, who have warmly en-
couraged the proprietor in his exertions in collecting and bringing
forward the plants, shrubs, and trees to their present state of
growth. He has had much aid by the contributions and councils
of Dr. Geo. Engelmann and the approbation of the citizens of St.
Louis and the public in general, who visit the Gardens in increas-
ing numbers. It is computed that a million or more people have
seen the Garden since its first opening in 1860.”

Dr. Engelmann died in 1885, and Mr. Shaw, wishing to
commemorate his memory, called Dr. Asa Gray in consulta-
tion, with the result of the founding of the Henry Shaw
School of Botany and establishing therein the Engelmann

rofessorship of botany. The very valuable herbarium of

r. Engelmann and his library were given to the Garden
by his son, Dr. George J. Engelmann, and formally ac-
cepted by the trustees on October 14, 1889.

Finally, it may be of interest to add a list of the rules
which were considered necessary by Mr. Shaw when the
Garden was opened:

“1, Smoking, or eating and drinking or the carrying of pro-
visions of any kind into the Gardens are strictly forbidden. No
dogs can be admitted.

“2. No packages or parcels, bags or baskets are allowed to be
carried into the grounds. All such must be deposited at the Gate
of Entrance, while the owners make the tour of the Gardens.

“3. No person attired otherwise than respectably can enter, nor
children too young to take care of themselves, unless a parent or
suitable person be with them. The police (when there) have orders
to remove such, or also persons guilty of any kind of impropriety.
When large schools are admitted, they must be accompanied by a
requisite number of Tutors and in accordance with the rules of the
Gardens.

“4, It is by no means forbidden to walk upon the grass walks;
still it is requested that preference be given to the gravel paths,
and especially that the lawn edges parallel to the walks be
not made a foot way, as nothing renders them more unsightly.
It is scarcely needful to say that all play, leaping over beds, run-
ning on the grass and slopes are prohibited. The Gardens are in-
tended for agreeable recreation and instruction, not for idle sports.

“5. It is requested that visitors will refrain from touching the
plants and flowers; a contrary practice can only lead to suspicion,

rhaps unfounded, that their object is to abstract a plant or

ower, which when detected must be followed by expulsion.

“g. In entering the plant houses, it is particularly requested
that visitors will keep to the right; if they do otherwise, they

134 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

will pass each other, which the narrowness of the walks renders
difficult, and this must occasion inconvenience to all parties and
often injury to the plants.”

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION RELATIVE TO THE
WORKS OF ART CONTRIBUTED BY HENRY
SHAW

Since the publication of the article in the September,
1918, Butierin on “Henry Shaw’s Contribution to Art in
St. Louis” certain additional letters from the artist Miller
have been found which throw further light upon the his-

her of these statues. It is believed that the matter is of
c

lent interest to warrant the printing of the letters which
follow:

“Munich, November 20th, 1875.
“Dear Sir:

“TI herewith send you the sketch of the great poet Shakespeare,
» but let me again tell you that they are only rough sketches,
merely made to give you an approximate idea of what I am will-
ing to make; the same is to be said of the Humboldt sketch, which
appears too short on the photograph. My idea was not to repre-
sent Shakespeare as an enthusiast or an ideal poet, but as a man
of action, who knew mankind. In the right hand I gave him a
pen; on the column lays a sheet of aper on which a ag,
of one of his works could be engraved. The pedestal is in the style
of his time, on the front of which we could put the name ‘Shake-
Speare the great poet’ and on the three sides reliefs ; the corners
would be decorated with emblems representing ‘tragedy, comedy,
ete.’ below Acanthus leaves. I repeat that the design could be
made so exact that they would have no trouble whatever to execute
the stone work in America. The cost of these bronze ornaments
on the pedestal would be about 1800 dollars. I would like very
much to have the pedestal executed in this way. It would then
be a monument where the pedestal corresponds with the figure and
stands in perfect harmony.

“Although the Shakespeare statue in New York is very fine, I
do not think that the pedestal suits it very well. Should the sum
that you have fixed not be sufficient for the bronze decoration on
the pedestal, we must, of course, then do without it. I have given
you the costs as cheap as possible in the interest of the matter
and hope that the reputation of our establishment will give you
sufficient guarantee for the best execution of the work. Hop-
ing that I shall be able to follow all your desires, I am,

“Yours very respectfully,
“F. v. Miller.”

“Munich, December 29th, 1876.
“Dear Sir:

“I cannot let the old year pass by without sending you my best
wishes for the coming new one.

“Your kind letter of November 18th was very delightful to me,
as it gives me the satisfaction that you are contented with every-

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 135

thing that I have made. I hope that it will be so for the future
and you and everybody will enjoy the two monuments.

“With the Humboldt relief I shall do as you desire and make
the voleanoes smoking. It was only a small wax sketch that I
sent to you, wherein it is not possible to give the effect as it would
be in the large relief. On the other side I shall put palm trees,
which, though, must not be out of proportion on account of the
other relief.

“Tf you allow me I shall not send you the sketches of the other
reliefs, as this makes me lose so much time waiting for the answer
and I believe that you can depend that everything will be all right.
I knew that the pedestal would look well and I am very thankful
to you that you have followed my advice.

“Shakespeare is in the foundry already. You will receive him
first, as I have only commenced modeling Humboldt a short time
ago. Lady Macbeth is finished. Falstaff, I am just working at.
I am trying to get the portrait likeness of Ben deBar as near
as possible, although it is very difficult, as the beard, etc., will
always spoil it, but I hope it will be very good.

“T have regretted very much that you did not allow me to place
your medallion on the back of the Humboldt monument, but just
as you like. Is the front side of the stone as I put it down here
polished, that is where the inscription will be fastened to the stone
every single letter? I shall send the exact instructions about that
later, as well as about the fastening of the bronze reliefs and the
statues; iron cannot be employed for it, for iron will rust and
the rust would always run down the pedestal.

“Shakespeare will be shi by the end of May if the cast-
i aceasta; and also the ores "Humboldt cannot be completed
before late in the autumn. You will be surprised that it takes
so long a time, but if I tell you that I model all alone and have
nothing done by a stranger, for the purpose of being sure that
everything is well done, you may have an idea how hard I worked
until now and how much I have yet to do to be able to give you
the pleasure of bringing you soon in the possession of the two
monuments. With kindest regards

“Yours very truly,
: “F. y. Miller.”

“Munich, February 20, ’77.
“Mr. Henry Shaw, St. Louis: ;

sé 0 I did not get any news from you since my last letter,
I sare you the. photograph of the Hamlet relief sketch
and would be obliged to you if you give me your opinion on it
immediately. Macbeth and the Queen Katherine are mostly fin-
ished, and I shall send you the Seg a 9 them in a few days.
With Queen Katherine I had great di ties to find an appro-
priate scene for the small space and so I chose the moment when
she leaves the throne supported by her Patience, I think it will
please you.

“The relief of the Chimborazo and a palm landscape are also
almost finished. You will receive from me a paper cut in some
days, showing the size of the Shakespeare relief and one for Hum-
poldt; it is the exact size of the bronze reliefs and will you be
so kind as to hold these papers to the stone, but into every frame
and you will then see if everything fits. The measure of the
Shakespeare plinth is also inclosed in the package. Please to

136 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

place the same on the top of the plinth and let me know imme-
diately if all is right, so that if there is anything to alter it can
still be done here.

“I would like to know the exact depth of the space where the
reliefs are to be set; it must be at least two centimetres com-
mencing with the frame.

“With many kind regards and hoping to hear from you, I am,

“Yours very respectfully,
“F. v.- Miller.”

“Munich, November 2, 1877.
“Dear Sir:

“The day before yesterday I have sent you my last letter and
today I receive yours of October 14th; you may imagine how
astonished I was, Your wishes cannot be satisfied any more. The
reliefs of Humboldt are entirely completed; some parts of the
statue itself are already cast, the others are being molded. The
cost to the entire completion may yet be 2000 dollars; if it is
not going to be completed 4500 dollars will be lost, because almost
nothing of the work can be used. The model is cut in pieces and
va - the mold; the mold is worthless if nothing is to be cast
into it.

“I cannot agree with your last opinion, that Humboldt should,
through the progress of science, be put in the background. I
rather find the inscription that you want to have engraved on the
monument, which says, ‘In honor of the most accomplished tray-
eller of this or any other age’ very correct and I am sure that
this will be true for all times. Humboldt will for science always
remain the second discoverer of America. And how little they
think in our country that Humboldt should be less esteemed in
the future is shown by the fact that in Berlin a monument is
going to be erected for the great discoverer for the price of ‘one
hundred thousand marks.’

~ must confess that if you had asked me before Humboldt was
finished if Columbus or Humboldt, I also would have pleaded for
Columbus. He is the man who has discovered America, and is
therefore more popular for the great mass. But Humboldt’s merits
are only known by the learned men and his theories are the founda-
tion for a new science. Just imagine how disagreeable it would
be for me if Humboldt almost finished would not be erected. Even
if no material damage would result. for me, how happy is the
artist whose work finds the general admiration and satisfaction.
No one would believe the real cause, the more as the generous
idea of a noble American citizen is known to a large extent and the
work itself generally admired.

“My proposition would therefore be if you will in no case erect
the Humboldt as a pendant for Shakespeare to put the same in
your Missouri Botanical Garden or in any other place, or else even,
this would be very sad to me, sell it to any other city or museum.
I believe that the sum for the monument without the pedestal is
so small that you would have no difficulty in selling a work of art
like this ; for without praisin, myself I can say that it is a
Success in every respect. I shall then make a Columbus for you
for the same amount of money that I asked for late Humboldt.
The best would, of course, be to put Humboldt on his old place in
the eb and you have a Columbus made for some other place,
but larger than these two statues are, for Columbus has a great

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 137

meaning for America. If you make a present of the figure and
the city or somebody else of the pedestal your idea could easily
be carried out. I am sure that there are plenty of fine places
left for Columbus in Tower Grove Park.

“To my great sorrow I heard that Ben deBar is dead. I had
wished that he could have seen my works, for he had a very
correct judgment. It is possible that you found his likeness not
very resemblant, It is rather difficult to strike any one’s likeness
in a strange costume and after a photograph, but you will find
that the relief is more resemblant than the photograph that I
have sent to you. I hope you will be satisfied with the portrait
medallion of yourself. At least I think that it is very much like
you.

“Please let me soon have news from you and deliver me from
the anxiety in which your last letter has put me. With many
kind regards, I remain dear Sir,

“Yours respectfully,
“F. v. Miller.”

“Munich, January 2, 1878.
“Dear Sir:
“Many thanks for your kind letter; it delivered me from the
inful uncertainty whether I had worked a whole year for noth-
ing or not, for it is a loss in an artist’s life to destroy a success-
ful piece of work.

“But, that it is impossible to change a statue that must have
the portrait likeness not only in face but also in the whole coun-
tenance into an entirely other one, will be comprehensible even to
a layman. On the other hand, I was very sorry not to be able to
fulfil your wish; you mention Rafael’s Ascension as an example
how the artist should be able to content all wishes, but this is
quite different from our case, for there it was the problem to
compose an entirely new work.

“To prove this I send you herewith a photograph of the colossal
laster model of Humboldt and the photograph of Columbus as
Mr. Probasco of Cincinnati had him painted by the celebrated
painter and director of our Academie of fine arts, Mr. Piloty, and
you will find that I am right. I don’t mean that I find faults in
the conception of Columbus by Piloty, but in comparing the two
you will find that I would have had to destroy the Humboldt statue
before making a new work.

“T would, of course, be very happy to execute the Columbus
statue, for it would be an excellent problem to ch ap egg so grand
a figure in the picturesque costume and I would be satisfied to
fix the terms of payment at your convenience as far as my means
go; send me only one word and I shall remit you sketches, which
surely will find your contentment.. The Shakespeare statue will
probably be in your possession by this time; if you, as I hope,
are pleased with it and everything is in good condition, I would be
quite thankful to you if I could get the agreed sum for it; I
had so many expenses for the bronze cast, and the want of money
in our country is yet greater than in America. The relief of
Hamlet has been packed today and sent off by rail.

“The insurance is made for only 5000 dollars, because if any
accident should happen, I am yet in session of the plaster model
and could execute the whole with reliefs again for the above sum.

138 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

My expense for the insurance is: 130 Marks 25 Pfenige. With
many kind regards and my best wishes for the new year, I am

as ever, “Yours very respectfully,

“FR. v. Miller.”

“B. P. The Shakespeare statue has been shipped on deck from
Hamburg to Havre, and it may be that the figure has received
green spots by the sea water. Such spots can easily be removed
with pulverized red tartar or else with pulverized pumice stone in
water. Please let me know if the front of the Humboldt pedestal
is polished; if not I shall put the name on a bronze plate.”

“Munich, April 30, ’83.
“Dear Mr. Shaw,

“Today I have posted a small sketch of the pedestal of Colum-
bus; I have drawn Columbus upon it at the same time, but only
very hastily. Jointly I send you a larger drawing of the pedestal
to enable you to inquire about the expense. The relievo follows.
I am working at the sketch of your grave monument at present
and in order to give you an approximative illustration about the
appearance of the ensemble, I shall have it photographed. The
phe otograph of the pedestal is also from a sketch which I have made

; “Expecting a speedy answer and hoping you to be in good health,
aie WISH est XegArds, “Yours respectfully,

“P, y, Miller.”

“Munich, Erzgiesserei, May 19, 1883.
“Dear Sir: eRe Ss

“Your favour of 26th past and also the drawing came to hand.
The bust of Beethoven is already commenced. I would, however,
request you to let me know whether the pedestals are round and
whether the base on which the bust will get placed is round or
angular according to the enclosed drawing, as the foot of the bust
is to be made to conform to it. Should the pedestal not yet be
made I would take the liberty to send you a drawing with some
variations on the estal which I think desirable, at least on the
upper consoles. e photograph I am expecting.

“With kindest regards I remain, dear Sir,

“Yours very faithfully,
“F. vy. Miller.”

SAVORY HERBS

Savory, or culinary, herbs are aromatic plants used to
add flavor to various cooked products. Most of them are
readily grown and should more frequently find a place in
small gardens than they do at present. Not only does their ©
aroma add to the palatability and variety of the ordinary
diet, but certain condimental properties aid in digestion.
Plants, like rue, stimulate the appetite and thus form a part
of beverages which are used as appetizers. Others, like pars-

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 139

ley, are used merely for garnishing, while various oils em-
ployed in perfumery are yielded by a number of herbs.

The following table indicates the herbs grown last
summer in the economic garden, with their uses and

methods of propagation:

COMMON
NAME BOTANICAL NAME

Angelica Archangelica offici-
nalis
Anise Pimpinella Anisum

’

Balm _— Melissa officinalis

Basil Ocimum Basilicum
Borage Borago officinalis

Caraway Carum Carvi

Catnip Nepeta Cataria

Chervil Anthriscus Cerefo-
lium

Chives Alliwm Schoeno-
prasum

Clary Salvia Sclaria

Corian- (Coriandrum sativum

Cumin Cuminum odorum

Dill Anethum graveolens

Fennel Foeniculum vulgare

Hore- Marrubium vulgare
Hyssop Hyssopus officinalis
Laven- Lavandula angusti-

der folia
Mari- Calendula officinalis
gold

Marjo- Origanum vulgare
Mint Mentha spicata

USE

Stem and leaves as salad;
seeds for flavoring

Leaves as garnish; seeds
and oil for flavoring
and perfumes

Foliage for flavoring and
salad; oil for perfum-
ery and bev

High seasoning; oil for
perfumery

Foliage as salad, garnish,
or flavoring

Herbage as salad; roots
as vegetables; seeds as
flavoring; oil for per-
fumery

Condiment

Leaves for seasoning
Flavoring
In making wines

Seed in confections, con-
diments, beverage fla-

voring
Flavoring in _ pickle,
pastry, soup

Seeds as seasoning for
pickle; oil for per-
fumery; vinegar as
condiment

Herbage for garnishing
and flavoring; seeds in
beverages and confec-
tionery; ofl for per-
fumery

Confectionery

Salad; oil in preparation
of soap

Flowers and oil in per-
fumery; condiment

Flowers as_ seasoning,
butter coloring

Seasoning; oil in per-
fumery

Seasoning

PROPAGATION

Seeds during
late summer

Seeds in early
spring

Division, eut-
tings, seeds

Seeds in
spring
Seeds in
spring
Seeds in
spring

Seeds in
spring
Seeds

Bulbs or divi-
sion

Seeds

Seeds

Seeds

Seeds

Division, cut-
tings, seeds
Division or
cuttings
Seeds

Division or
cuttings
Division or
cuttings

140 MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

COMMON
NAME BOTANICAL NAME

Parsley Petroselinwm hor-
tense

Penny- Mentha Pulegium
royal

Pepper- Mentha piperita
mint

Rose- Rosmarinus offici-
mary nalis

Rue Ruta graveolens

Sage Salvia officinalis

Savory, Satureia montana
summer

Savory, Satureia montata
winter

Tansy Tanacetum vulgare

Tarra- Artemisia Dracun-
gon culus

Thyme Thymus vulgaris

USE
Seasoning, garnish
Seasoning

Flavoring, perfume in
soap

Seasoning; oil in per-
fumery

Seasoning, flavor in bev-
erages; oil in perfum-

ery

Seasoning; oil in per-
fumery

Seasoning

Seasoning

Seasoning

Seasoning, salads, decoc-
tion in vinegar; oil in
perfumery

Seasoning; oil in _per-
fumery; oil crystals as
disinfectants

PROPAGATION
Seeds
Division
Division

Cuttings or
seeds

Division, cut-
tings, seeds

Division, cut-
tings, seeds
Seeds

Division, cut-
tings, seeds

Division, cut-
tings, seeds

Division, cut-
tings, seeds

Division, cut-
tings, seeds

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 141

STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR NOVEMBER,

1918
GARDEN ATTENDANCE:
"Potal: NUMVEL Ol VAIBILOTS... ok ass SE oe ee 14,204
PLANT ACCESSIONS:
Total number of plants and seeds received as gifts........ 6
Total number of plants received in exchange...........-. 32
PLANT DISTRIBUTION:
Total number of plants distributed in exchange.......... 57
Total number of seed packets distributed in exchange..... 1
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS:
Total number of books and pamphlets bought............ 13
Total number of books and pamphlets donated........... 5
HERBARIUM ACCESSIONS:
By Purchase —
Canton Christian College—Plants of China.............. 116
A. D. E. Elmer—Plants of the Philippine Islands........ 2,146
By Gift —
Walter H. Aiken — Leucophyllum texanum Benth. from
POS i ke eo IG HI OEE BA ee eee Sp 1
J. A. Drushel—Plants of the central and western United
ONE Sn Sma aR dein Geponriny ahr er Ore! en Pee eee eee ee 26
Dr. W. G. Farlow—Fungi of Massachusetts and New Hamp-
AON 0 Re rete cn ie Cee ore Se Pe eee eee en ee he eas 29
Prof. A. Yasuda—Thelephoraceae of Japan.............. 35
By Exchange—
Arnold Arboretum — Plants of Alaska, collected by Miss
Me RW ies cs ye nee a Shee ls 218
L. Rodway—Isoetes from Tasmania...........-......+-- 3
U. S. National Museum—Photographs of type specimens in
the Herbarium of the University of Oregon........... 7
RN eee ec ai bn cw oe Raa Soe 2,581

The Garden is open to the public every day in the year, except New
Year’s, Fourth of July, Labor Day, and Christmas— week days from 8:00
A. M. until one-half hour after sunset; Sundays from December to April,
1:00 P. M. until sunset, from April to December, 2:00 P. M. until sunset.

The main entrance to the Garden is located at Tower Grove Avenue
and Flora Boulevard, on the Vandeventer Avenue car line. Transfer
south from all intersecting lines.

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 143

Index to Illustrations

Page
Paeonia officinalis .......-..-- PRLS SOA E EEE OE AEG EEE ESOS 19
Paeonia arietina .........++-+5+- ite tear eee Mate ctu ta's e's ok 20
Pacoria GROWN oo Oe i EN ANS se 21
Oinchona officinalis ... 2.2.6.5 e cece cee eee reenter terete 24
Garden in floral display house, view Of...-...---++-+--++++ss0005 29
Garden in floral display house, plan of.......-------+++-+---s005 30
Economic garden, the..........--s2eeeeeree erect sees erste 41
Cattleya Dusseldorfei var. Undine.....-.--.-+++++-0sserr reese 59
Brown, Mr. D. S., in his orchid house at RAPeWO0d 6 sie ies 60
Livistona chinensis, moving a specimen of, to Garden..........-. 61
Chewing gum tree, the. ..........-- +s ese eee rere reteset ee eeees 73
Dasylirion serratifolium ......-...+.+0s seer eee eter e eee eteees 74
Pothos celatocaulis .......... cece cece neste cette eens sees 74
Dracaena Kindtiana ...........-+2 eee e cence entre ee renee 75
Dracaena glomerata ........---+:0 er eee reer t etree tresses 76
Bird of paradise plant..........+-.+s+essseseeeeeeesscceseeees 76
Parryan tree, the. 6666s oe es cee thet ate ips ee rnnnd tote een es Deter 2 |
Henry Shaw, tomb of, in the Garden... ise pees eves Vaan caw rca 81
Shakespeare, statue of, in Tower Grove Park. 2. ose. oe eee 82
Humboldt, statue of, in Tower Grove Park.......-.-----+-+++0++: 83
Columbus, relievo on statue of....--.-----+-+-++- wie Cape ee 84
Columbus, statue of, in Tower Grove Park.........----+-+--+++++ 84
Linnean House—showing the busts of Linnaeus, Nuttall, and Gray.. 85
Juno, statue of, in the Garden.....-..-...-+--+- e+e eres reer eee 88
Victory, statue of, in the Garden.......----+ +++ sereeee ere e ces 89
Nymphaea “General Pershing”......---.---++-+++2+++rrrrretces 91
Nymphaea “Mrs. Woodrow Wilson” var. gigantea..............++ 93
“Blectrifier” used at the Garden..........--.--- eee eeere seer eee 97
Comparison of average plant from check plot with one from “elec-
rifled” PlOb cece ese ence ee ete ee used e eee eee e ance 98
Tree improperly pruned and same tree properly pruned...........- 107
Plan of Garden prepared by Mr. Shaw in 1858...........-.+--+-++ 130

Plat of lands and buildings intended to be left for the support
of the Missouri Botanical Garden.......----.--+.--eeeeeeree 131

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

145

General Index

Figures in italics refer to page numbers of plates and cuts.

A.

Achras Sapota, 73

Amaryllis, 30

Amaryllis Belladonna,
sissima, 30

Annual bequests, 6

Annual reports for 1917: of the Of-
ficers of the Board, 1; of the
Director (twenty-ninth annual re-
port),

Anthuriums, 61

Araucaria Cookii, 60; Cunninghamii,
60; excelsa var. Goldieana, 60, var.
Muelleri, 60; Rulei, 60

Arborvitaes, winter injury to, at
Garden, 70

Art, Henry Shaw’s contribution to, in
St. Louis, 81; additional informa-
tion relative to, 134

Astilbe, 37; culture of, 37

Astilbe japonica, 37

Attendance, Garden, for 1917, 5

Australian salt bush, 42

B.

Back-yard gardens, four model, in eco-
nomic garden, 47

Banyan tree, the, 76, 77

Barberry, Japanese, see Berberis
Thunbergit

Bartholomew, E. ‘
Uredinales,” Cents.
XIX, 28

Bee plants grown in economic garden,
45

31; formo-

“North American
XVIII and

Beethoven, bust of, in Tower Grove
Park, 89; letters from Miller to
Henry Shaw concerning, 85, 138

rweed, 42

Berberis Thunbergii, 69

Bernhardi herbarium, purchase of,
129

Betula alba, 70

Birch, white, see Betula alba

Bird of paradise plant, 74, 76

Bismarckia nobilis, 59

Blackberries, pruning of, 112

Botrytis paeoniae, 24

Brandegee, T. S. Plants of Mexico,
collected by C. A. Purpus, 80

Brassavola Digbyana, 59

Brassocattleya Veitchii var. “Queen
Alexandra,” 59

Brassocattleyas, list of, exchanged for
Garden material, 124 '

Brassolaelia, 59

Broussonetia papyrifera, 70

Brown, Mr. D. 8.: gift of plants by,
59; additional gift of orchids by,
113; in his orchid house at Kirk-
wood, 60

Bulb show, the indoor, 29; arrange-
ment of, 29; flowers in, 29; plan of,
30; view of, 29

Burke, Dr. R. P. Fungi of Montgom-
ery Co., Alabama, 17

Bush, B. F. Plants of Missouri, 58

C.

Canton Christian College. Plants of
China, 72; Plants of southern
China, 17

Caryota urens, 60

Cattleya Dusseldorfet var. Undine,
59, 59; intermedia var. alba, 59;
Mossiae var. Wageneri, 59; Skin-
re var. rg ae

Cattleyas, list of, exchanged for
ected material, 124

Chewing gum tree, the, 73, 73

Churchill, Hon. Joseph Richmond.
Plants of Massachusetts, 80

Cinchona officinalis, 25, 25 :

Clemens, Mrs. Joseph. Plants of
Oklahoma, 39

Columbus, statue of, in Tower Grove
Park, 83, 84, 87; letters from Miller
to Shaw concerning, 83, 136, 137

Corn, Mandan, 41

Cornus, pruning of, 110

Currants, pruning of, 112

Cut-flower border in economic garden,

53
Cyathea dealbata, 60; medullaris, 60
Cycads, gift of, by Mr. D. S. Brown,
60

146

Cycas Bellefonti, 60; Micholitzii, 60;
revoluta, 60; siamensis, 60
Cypripediums, see Paphiopedilums

D.

Dasheen, 43

Dasylirion serratifolium, 74, 74

Davis, Rev. John. Ferns, chiefly from
United States, 28; Plants of Cali-
fornia, 58; Plants of Missouri,
South Carolina, ete. 96; Plants of
South Carolina, 58

Dendrobium virginale, 59
Dewberries, pruning of, 112

_ Dicksonia antarctica, 60 3 Chamissoi,
60; regalis, 60; squarrosa, 60;

* Wendlandi var. Verschaffeltii, 60

Dracaena glomerata, 75; Goldieana,
75; Kindtiana, 75, 75

E.

Economic garden, the, 41, 41, 139

Electricity, effect, of, on plants, 97;
apparatus used in experiments on,
ig 98; investigations on, at Garden,

“Electrified” plot, comparison of
average plant from check plot with
one from, 98

“Electrifier,” description of, 98; used
at the Garden, 97

Encephalartos Lehmannii, 60

; - George, assistance

PY chine to Garden by, 128
vergreens, winter in to, at
Gardin, 70 my

F.
bei crops grown in economic garden,

Ficus benghalensis, 76, 77

Fischer, Walter. Plants of Argen-
tina, 80

Fruit trees: pruning of, 112; trained,
srown In economic garden, 52

Fruits, bush, pruning of, 112

G.

Shaw in 1858, 130; plat of lands
mr buildings left for support of,

Gardening, school fc %
1917, @ or, report of, for

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Gates, F. C. Plants of Illinois, 28;
Plants of northern Michigan, 28
Gift of plants by Mr. D. S. Brown,
59, 113

Gooseberries, pruning of, 112 _

Gounod, bust of, in Tower Grove
Park, 89

Grapes, pruning of, 113 ;

Grasses, lawn, grown in economic
garden, 46, 47

Gray: bust of, at Garden, 87; as-
sistance given by, in founding
Garden, 131

Greenman, Milton T. Plants from
Door County, Wisconsin, 106

H.

Hedges: plants grown for, in eco-
nomic garden, 48; pruning of, 110
Heller, A. A. Plants of California,
72

Hemlocks, winter injury to, at
Garden, 70

Herbarium, report of, for 1917, 12;
distribution of duplicates, 14; field
work during 1917, 13; mounting
and distribution of specimens, 13; _
new accessions, 12; statistical sum-
mary, 15 ,

Herbs, savory, grown in economic
garden, 45, 138; uses, and methods
of propagation of, 139

Hippeastrum, 29, 30; culture of, 32;
development of, 31; insect pests at-
tacking, 32; propagation of, 32

Hippeastrum “Apple Blossom,” 30;
aulicum, 31; equestre, 31; John-
sonii, 31; Leopoldii, 31; pardinum,
30; psittacinum, 31; Reginae, 31;
reticulatum, 31; solandriflorum, 31;
vittatum, 31; “White Lady,” 30

Humboldt, statue of, in Tower Grove
Park, 82, 83; letters from Miller
to Henry Shaw concerning, 135,
136

Hyacinth, 35; forcing of, 36; propa-
gation of, 36; of, 36

Hyacinthus orientalis, 36, var. albus,
36

| Hybrid nymphaeas, 90

I.
Improvements at Garden during 1917,
3

Iris, 54; collection of, at Garden, 55;
culture of, 55; groups of, 54

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Iris flavescens, 54; florentina, 54;
germanica, 54; hybrida, 54; Kaemp-
feri, 55; laevigata, 55; lurida, 54;
neglecta, 54; pallida, 54; plicata,
54; sambucina, 54; squalens, 54;
Xephoides, 55; Xephium, 55

J.
Jérgensen, P. Plants of Argentina,
106

Johnson, A. G. Plants of Switzer-
land collected by Miss Rosa Kuhn,
39

Junipers, winter injury to, at Garden,
70

Juno, statue of, at Garden, 88, 88

K.

Kentia Brownii, 59
Kerria, pruning of, 110

L.

Laeliocattleya, 59
Laeliocattleyas, list of, exchanged for
Garden material, 125

Lectures delivered by members of ;

staff in 1917, 7

Library, report of, for 1917, 15;
Garden publications as a means of
exchange, 16; loans of books, 16;
reclassification of books, 16; sta-
tistical, 16; subject index, 16

Ligustrum amurense, 69; ovalifolium,
69

Lilium candidum, 33; Henryi, 33;
longiflorum, 33, var. eximium, 33,
var. giganteum, 33; Reginae, 31;
speciosum, 33, var. album, 33, var.
Melpomene, 33, var. rubrum, 33

Lily, the, 33; forcing of, 34; history
of, 33; species of, 33

Linnaeus, bust of, at Garden, 87

Linnean House, 132; showing the
busts of Linnaeus, Nuttall, and
Gray, 85

Livistona chinensis, 60; moving a
specimen of, to the Garden, 61

Lloyd, C. G. Collections of Hymeno-
chaete from various localities, 96

M.
Macoun, John. Fungi of British
Columbia, 28
Macrozamia plumosa, 60

147
Magnolia grandiflora, 70

Medicinal plants grown in economic
garden, 48

Miller, Ferdinand, letters of, to Henry
Shaw, 83, 134

Mozart, statue of, in Tower Grove
Park, 82

Mulberry, paper, see Broussonetia
papyrifera -

N.

Narcissus, 34; eulture of, 35; prin-
cipal species of, 35

Narcissus autumnalis major, 30; in-
comparabilis, 35; indicus, 30; Jon-
quilla, 35; poeticus, 35; Pseudo-
Narcissus, 35; Tazetta, 35, var.
orientalis, 35, var. papyraceus, 35

Nepenthes, 61

New York Botanical Garden. The-
lephoraceae from various localities,
17

Nuttall, bust of, at Garden, 87
Nymphaea castaliiflora, 90, 92; Dau-
beniana, 92; “General Pershing,”

90, 91, description of, 91; mi-
crantha, 92; “Mrs. Edwards
Whitaker,” 90; “Mrs. Woodrow

Wilson,” 92, var. gigantea, 92, 93,
description of, 94
Nymphaeas, hybrid, 90

O.

Orchids: additional gift of, by Mr.
D. 8. Brown, 113; gift of, by Mrs.
Henry T. Blow, 132; list of, exclud-
ing Cypripediums and_ Selen-
ipediums, in Garden collection, 61;
list of gre Big hanes (Cypri-
pediums) and Phragmopedilums
(Selenipediums) in Casta acluee.
tion, 113

Oreodowa regia, 77

af

Paeonia albiflora, 19, 21; anomala,
21,21; arietina, 20, 21,22; Brownii,
22; corallina, 22; decora, 22;
Emodii, 22; humilis, 22; lutea, 20;
Moutan, 20, 22; officinalis, 19, 20,
21; paradora, 21; peregrina, 21,
22; tenuifolia, 20, 21; Wittmann-
iana, 20, 22

Palm: cabbage, see Livistona chinen-
sis; date, see Phoenix dactylifera;

148

fish-tail, see Caryota urens; ivory-
nut, see Phytelephas macrocarpa ;
sago, see Oycas revoluta
Palms: gift of, by Mr. D. S. Brown,
59; growth of, 77
aS oe list of, donated by
r. D. S. Brown, 113
Paulownia tomentosa, 70
Payson, Edwin B. Plants of Colo-
rado, Wyoming, Idaho, and Cali-
fornia, 17
Peanut, 42
Peony, the, 19; culture of, 23 ;
us disease of, 24; groups of:
herbaceous, 20, propagation of, 20,
species of, 21; tree, 22, propagation
of, 22; varieties of, 25
Perennials, herbaceous, winter protec-
tion of, 102
Philodendron pinnatifidum, 74
Phoenia dactylifera, 60
Phragmopedilums, list of, donated by
Mr. D. 8S. Brown, 113
Phytelephas macrocarpa, 60
Pinus montana, 70
Potato varieties, results of tests on,
103

Pothos celatocaulis, 74, 74

Privet: Amoor, see Ligustrum amur-
ense; California, see Ligustrum
ovalifolium

Protection, winter, of plants, 100;
methods of, 101, 102

ing, 107; essentials of, 107; of

street and lawn trees, 107; of
shrubs, roses, and vines, 109; of
— trees, bush fruits, and grapes,
112

Publications and papers published by
the staff and graduate students
during 1917, 11

Q.
Quinine, 25; methods of obtaining, 26

R.

Raspberries pruning of, 112

Research pe instruction, report of,
for 1917, 7

ee winter protection of,

Rosa blanda, 70; Hugonis, 69; multi-
flora, 70, 101; setigera, 70; rugosa,
70, var. alba, 70; Wichuraiana, 101

¢ sue cabten oas winter in-

jury to, ai 69; winter pro-
tection of, 101 : :

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN

Rossini, statue of, in Tower Grove
Park, 82

Rufus J. Lackland fellowships, ap-
pointments to, for 1917-18, 9

8.

Sargent, Dr. C. S. Plants of the
Philippine Islands, collected by
Aduro and Sabiarya, 80

Selenipediums, see Phragmopedilums

Shakespeare, statue of, in Tower
Grove Park, 81, 82; letters from
Miller to Henry Shaw concerning,
134, 135

Shaw, Henry: tomb of, in the Garden,
81, 88; additional information rela-
tive to works of art contributed by,
134

Shaw’s, Henry, contribution to art in
St. Louis, 81, 134

Shingle plant, see Pothos celatocaulis

Shrubs: list of Asiatic, proven hardy
at Garden, 71; pruning of, 109;
winter protection of, 101; winter
injury to, at Garden, 70

Sophrocattleya, 59

Standley, Paul C. Plants of Florida,
collected by Miss Jeanette P.
Standley, 17

Statistical information for December,
POLIS AT: January, 1918, 28; Feb-
ruary, 39; March, 58; April, 72;
May, 80; June-August, 95; Septem-
eee 106; October, 126; November,
4

Sternbergia lutea, 30

Strelitzia augusta, 74

ai

Teosinte, 42

Testing of potato varieties, 103

Tree improperly pruned, 107; same
tree properly pruned, 107

Trees, street and lawn, pruning of,
107; winter protection of, 101

Tulip, 37; propagation of the, 37;
types of, 37

Tulipa acuminata, 37;
37, var. Dracontia, 37 ;
37; suaveolens, 37

U.
Udo, 43

MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN BULLETIN 149

V.

Vegetables grown in economic garden,
43

Verdi, bust of, in Tower Grove Park,
89

Victory, statue of, at Garden, 88, 89

Vines: grown in economic garden, 50,
51; pruning of, 111

W.
Wagner, bust of, at Tower Grove
Park, 89
War, etfect of, at the Garden, 77
Winter injury to plants in the
Garden, 69
Winter protection of plants, 100

Dg
Yucca filamentosa, 74